Three new compounds of dibutyltin(IV) with N-alkylcyclohexyldithiocarbamate were successfully synthesized using in situ methods. Elemental analysis data of these complexes were in agreement with the general formula of (C4H9)2Sn[S2CNR(C6H11)]2 (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7). Infrared spectra showed that the thioureide bands, ν(C=N) appeared
in the region of 1475 - 1479 cm-1, ν(C=S) bands in the region of 978 - 998 cm-1 and ν(Sn-S) bands in the region of 375 – 389 cm-1. Crystal structure of dibutyltin(IV) ethylcyclohexyldithiocarbamate showed a triclinic system and space group P-1. The crystal structure of the dithiocarbamate ligands were bidentically chelated to the tin atom with Sn-S unsymmetrical: Sn(1)-S(1) = 2.9255(11) and Sn(1)-S(2) = 2.5419(10); Sn(1)-S(3) = 2.8922(9) and Sn(1)-S(4) = 2.5293(10)Å. These compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against four bacteria species using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that (C4H9)
2Sn[S2CN(i-C3H7)(C6H11)]2 was mildly active against those three bacteria. Whereas all of
these compounds exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity activity toward human leukemic promyelocites HL-60 cell line with CD50 values lower than 1.00 µg/mL.
The purpose of this study is to identify the ergonomic aspects in the
workplace and examining the occupational diseases due to ergonomics issues.
This study provide the analysis of the ergonomic aspects and occupational
diseases towards job performance nurses in general hospitals in Malaysia. In
order to conduct this study, the researchers will collect the data from primary and
secondary data. The survey will be stratified from peoples who are working at
hospital specifically, nurses. The expected outcomes and implication of this
study is the development of employees’ health and wellbeing in which basically
it is in line with the government's commitment of "1Care for 1Malaysia", that was
implemented under the Economic Transformation Program (ETP) and to respond
Industrial Revolution 4.0. Due to the increasing cases of Musculoskeletal
Disorders (MSDs) and job stress among employees, especially among nurses, a
study of the ergonomic aspects and occupational diseases towards job
performance is crucial.
Kesan sitotoksik sebatian organostanum (IV) terhadap pelbagai sel kanser telah dikaji oleh para saintis di seluruh dunia.Dalam kajian ini,dua sebatian baru organostanum (IV) iaitu difenilstanum (IV) etilfenilditiokarbamat (DFEF) dan difenilstanum (IV) butilfenilditiokarbamat (DFBF) telah diuji kesan sitotoksiknya terhadap sel eritroleukemia, K562. Sel eritroleukemia, K562 merupakan sel sasaran manakala, sel hepar Chang dan sel fibroblas V79 pula digunakan untuk menilai kesan kedua-dua sebatian ini terhadap sel bukan kanser. Kesan sitotoksik sebatian DFEF dan DFBF diuji menggunakan ujian asai 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2, 5-difeniltetrazolium bromida (MTT) dengan masa pendedahan 24 jam, 48 jam dan 72 jam pada kepekatan sebatian yang berbeza. Pemerhatian terhadap perubahan morfologi juga dilakukan menggunakan nilai IC50 yang diperolehi pada masa pendedahan seperti ujian asai MTT. Ujian sitotoksisiti telah menunjukkan sebatian DFEF dan DFBF adalah sangat toksik terhadap sel K562 dengan nilai IC50 kurang daripada 10 μM untuk ketiga-tiga masa pendedahan.Indeks pemilihan juga membuktikan bahawa kedua-dua sebatian memberikan kesan sitotoksik secara memilih terhadap sel K562 pada masa 48 jam dan 72 jam, tetapi pada masa 24 jam, sebatian ini bertindak secara tidak memilih terhadap sel K562 dan sel bukan kanser. Perubahan morfologi yang diperhatikan adalah menyerupai ciri-ciri apoptosis seperti pengecutan sel dan pembentukan jasad apoptotik dan juga nekrosis seperti sel lisis. Kesimpulannya, sebatian difenilstanum (IV) alkilfenilditiokarbamat berpotensi untuk dibangunkan sebagai agen antileukemia tetapi mekanisma khusus tindakan sebatian ini terhadap sel K562 perlu dikaji pada masa akan datang untuk menjelaskan potensi sebatian ini sebagai dadah antikanser yang baru.
Perkembangan penggunaan insektisid sebatian organostanum(IV) terhadap Aedes aegypti telah diterokai dan diuji keberkesanannya bagi mengatasi masalah kerintangan insektisid sedia ada. Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan menguji kesan insektisidal iaitu larvisidal dan adultisidal dua siri baru sebatian difenilstanum(IV) dan trifenilstanum(IV) alkilfenilditiokarbamat ke atas Ae. aegypti di makmal. Keempat-empat sebatian iaitu difenilstanum(IV) etilfenilditiokarbamat (DFEF), trifenilstanum(IV) etilfenilditiokarbamat (TFEF), difenilstanum(IV) butilfenilditiokarbamat (DFBF) dan trifenilstanum(IV) butilfenilditiokarbamat (TFBF) telah dijalankan ujian bioasai larvisidal ke atas larva instar ketiga Aedes aegypti. Kajian lanjutan diteruskan bagi sebatian yang telah menunjukkan aktiviti larvisidal terbaik untuk menguji kesan adultisidnya ke atas nyamuk betina Aedes aegypti. Hasil ujian bioasai larvisidal, didapati sebatian TFEF menunjukkan kesan larvisidal terbaik dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 pada 0.082 ppm dan 0.184 ppm masing-masing. Sementara itu, sebatian TFBF juga menunjukkan kesan larvisidal yang baik dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 masing-masing pada 0.108 ppm dan 0.273 ppm manakala kedua-dua sebatian DFEF dan DFBF didapati tidak menunjukkan kesan larvisidal yang baik. Ujian adultisidal pula, sebatian TFEF didapati tidak menunjukkan kesan adultisidal yang baik dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 masing-masing yang agak tinggi iaitu 31,556.03 ppm dan 98,427.05 ppm. Walaupun sebatian TFEF didapati tidak menunjukkan kesan adultisid yang baik, ianya sangat berpotensi untuk dibangunkan sebagai larvisid. Namun begitu, kajian lanjutan perlu dilakukan untuk menjelaskan dan memastikan sebatian ini selamat digunakan sebagai larvisid.
New organotin(IV) sec-butylpropyldithiocarbamate complexes have been sucÂcessfully synthesized by the reaction between N-sec-butyl-N-propylamine, carbon disulfide and organotin(IV) chloride (dimethyltin(IV), dibutyltin(IV) and triphenyltin(lV) chloride) using in-situ method. All the complexes have been characterized using elemental analysis, gravimetric analysis, infrared and NMR (1H and I3C) spectroscopy. Elemental and gravimetric analyses showed that the complexes agree with the suggested formulae, R2Sn[S2CN( sÂC4H9)(C3H7)]2 dan R‘3Sn[S2CN(s-C4H9)(C3H7)] (R = CH3 or R = C4H9; R' = C6H5 The presence of the v(C = N) and v(C = S) bands in the infrared spectra confirmed the presence of dithiocarbamate ligand in that complex. The 13C NMR spectra for all the complexes showed a resonance in the region 196.22 - 200.62 ppm, which is attributed to the carbon atom of NCS2 group. The dimethyltin(lV) sec-butylpropyldithiocarbamate, Me2Sn(SBPDtc)2 was recrystallized from CHCl3 and the structure had been determined using X-ray crystallography analysis. The structure of Me2Sn[s-C4H9)(C3H7)]2 is found to be in the monoclinic system with space group P21/n, a = 14.358(2), b = 10.6956(18), c = 17.323(3) Ã…; α = 90°, β = 99.765(4)°, γ = 90°. The complex is six-coordinated with the tin atom bonded by two dimethyl groups in cis positions and two chelating sec-butylpropyldithiocarbamates in bidentate mode.
Kompleks baru organostanum(IV) sek-butilpropilditiokarbamat telah berjaya disediakan melalui tindak balas di antara N-sek-butil-N-propilamina, karbon disulfida dan sebatian dimetilstanum(lv), dibutilstanum(IV) dan trifenilstanum(IV) klorida menggunakan kaedah in-situ. Kesemua kompleks telah dicirikan menggunakan analisis unsur, analisis gravimetri, spektroskopi inframerah dan spektroskopi resonans magnet nukleus 1H dan 13C. Analisis unsur (CHNS) dan gravimetri menunjukkan sebatian yang disintesis bersetuju dengan formula yang dicadangkan, iaitu R2Sn[S2CN(s-C4H9)(C3H7)]2 dan R'3Sn[S2CN(s-C4H9)(C3H7] (R = CH3 atau C4H9; R' = C6H5). Kehadiran jalur serapan v(C ---- N) dan v(C ---- S) pada spektrum inframerah menunjukkan kehadiran ligan ditiokarbamat dalam sebatian yang disediakan. Spektrum RMN I3C bagi ketiga-tiga kompleks menunjukkan resonan N13CS2 terletak pada julat 196.22- 200.61 ppm. Kompleks dimetilstanum(1V) sekÂbufilpropilditiokarbamat telah berjaya dihablurkan menggunakan pelarut kloroform. Kajian kristalograji sinar-X menunjukkan hablur Me2Sn[s-ÂC4H9)(C5H7)]2 bersistem monoklinik dengan kumpulan ruang P21/n, a = 14.358(2), b = 10.6956(18), c = 17.323(3) Ã…; α = 90°, β= 99.765(4)°, γ = 90°. Kompleks membentuk geometri enam koordinat dengan atom pusat stanum yang berikat dengan dua kumpulan metil pada kedudukan sis dan mengkelat secara bidentat dengan ligan sek-butil propilditiokarbamat.
Kualiti merupakan elemen terpenting dalam proses pengeluaran atau perkhidmatan yang dihasilkan oleh sesebuah organisasi kepada pelanggan. Kualiti perkhidmatan merujuk kepada ukuran bagaimana sesuatu perkhidmatan yang disampaikan sepadan dengan jangkaan pengguna. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kualiti perkhidmatan kesihatan awam yang dapat diakses oleh buruh asing. Pengukuran kualiti perkhidmatan kesihatan dalam kajian ini dapat dibahagikan kepada tiga aspek iaitu keadaan perkhidmatan kesihatan, tempoh masa menunggu dan layanan kakitangan hospital terhadap buruh asing. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan sebilangan besar buruh asing berpuas hati dengan kualiti perkhidmatan kesihatan yang diterima oleh mereka.
Two adducts of bis(N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamato) zinc(II) with 2,2'Â-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline have been successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic studies. The IR specÂtra of these adducts showed the thioureide band, v(C---- N) which occurred at 1440 and 1438 cm-1 respectively, lower than the parent compound at 1471 cm-1. The 13C NMR spectroscopic data for these compounds showed that the carbon signal from CS2 moiety shifted slightly downfield to 206.6 and 208.5 ppm compared to the parent compound at 205.1 ppm. The single crystal structure of bis (N-benzyl-N-isopropyldithiocarbamato )zinc(II)(bipy) has been determined. The structure of this compound showed monomeric nature with hexacoordination of the metal in a highly distorted octahedral geometry.
Dua sebatian aduk zink(II) benzilisopropilditiokarbamat dengan ligan 2,2-bipiridil dan 1,10-fenantrolin telah berjaya disediakan dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis unsur dan kaedah spektroskopi. Spektrum IR untuk kedua-dua sebatian aduk ini telah menunjukkan kehadiran jalur tioureida, V(C----- N) pada 1440 dan 1438 cm-1 masing-masing yang mana jalur serapan ini didapati teranjak pada nilai yang lebih rendah berbanding sebatian asalnya iaitu pada 1471 cm-1. Data RMN 13C pula menunjukkan kehadiran signal karbon CS2 yang teranjak sedikit ke medan yang lebih rendah iaitu pada 206.6 dan 208.5 ppm masing-masing jika dibandingkan dengan sebatian asalnya pada 205.1 ppm. Struktur hablur tunggal bagi sebatian bis( N-benzilÂ-N-isopropilditiokarbamat)zink(11)(bipy) telah ditentukan. Struktur sebatian ini didapati bersifat monomerik dan berkoordinat enam dengan atom logam pusatnya mempunyai geometri oktahedron yang sangat terherot.
The objective of this study was to know the status of the foreign workers' access to public health services in Malaysia based on their utilization pattern. The utilization pattern covered a number of areas, such as frequency of using health services, status of using health services, choice and types of health institutions, and cost of health treatment. The study was conducted on six government hospitals in the Klang Valley area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data were collected from 600 foreign patients working in the country, using an interview method with a structured questionnaire. The results showed that the foreign workers' access to public health services was very low. The findings would be an important guideline to formulate an effective health service policy for the foreign workers in Malaysia.
Basal stem rot due to a fungal pathogen, Ganoderma boninense, is one of the most devastating diseases in oil palm throughout the major palm oil producer countries. This study investigated the potential of polypore fungi as biological control agents against pathogenic G. boninense in oil palm. In vitro antagonistic screening of selected non-pathogenic polypore fungi was performed. Based on in planta fungi inoculation on oil palm seedlings, eight of the 21 fungi isolates tested (GL01, GL01, RDC06, RDC24, SRP11, SRP12, SRP17, and SRP18) were non-pathogenic. In vitro antagonistic assays against G. boninense revealed that the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) in dual culture assay for SRP11 (69.7%), SRP17 (67.3%), and SRP18 (72.7%) was relatively high. Percentage inhibition of diameter growth (PIDG) in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dual plate assay of SRP11, SRP17, and SRP18 isolates were 43.2%, 51.6%, and 52.1%, respectively. Molecular identification using the internal transcribed spacer gene sequences of SRP11, SRP17, and SRP18 isolates revealed that they were Fomes sp., Trametes elegans, and Trametes lactinea, respectively.