Polygalacturonase is one of the important enzymes used in various industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, textile, pulp and paper. A novel liquid/liquid extraction process composed of surfactant and acetonitrile was employed for the first time to purify polygalacturonase from Durio zibethinus. The influences of different parameters such as type and concentration of surfactants, concentrations of acetonitrile and composition of surfactant/acetonitrile on partitioning behavior and recovery of polygalacturonase was investigated. Moreover, the effect of pH of system and crude load on purification fold and yield of purified polygalacturonase were studied. The results of the experiment indicated the polygalacturonase was partitioned into surfactant top rich phase with impurities being partitioned into acetonitrile bottom rich phase in the novel method of liquid/liquid process composed of 23% (w/w) Triton X-100 and 19% (w/w) acetonitrile, at 55.6% of TLL (tie line length) crude load of 25% (w/w) at pH 6.0. Recovery and recycling of components also was measured in each successive step of liquid/liquid extraction process. The enzyme was successfully recovered by the method with a high purification factor of 14.3 and yield of 97.3% while phase components were also recovered and recycled above 95%. This study demonstrated that the novel method of liquid/liquid extraction process can be used as an efficient and economical extraction method rather than the traditional methods of extraction for the purification and recovery of the valuable enzyme.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected biopolymers on the rheological properties of surimi. In our paper, we highlight the functional properties and rheological aspects of some starch mixtures used in surimi. However, the influence of some other ingredients, such as cryoprotectants, mannans, and hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), on the rheological properties of surimi is also described. The outcome reveals that storage modulus increased with the addition of higher levels of starch. Moreover, the increasing starch level increased the breaking force, deformation, and gel strength of surimi as a result of the absorption of water by starch granules in the mixture to make the surimi more rigid. On the other hand, the addition of cryoprotectants, mannans, and HPMC improved the rheological properties of surimi. The data obtained in this paper could be beneficial particularly to the scientists who deal with food processing field.
Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanthaceae family. This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes, insects and snake bites, lesions caused by herpes simplex virus, diabetes, and gout in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and China. Phytochemical investigations documented the varied contents of bioactive compounds from this plant namely flavonoids, glycosides, glycoglycerolipids, cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol. The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. The findings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions. However, further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability for future drugs. This review summarizes the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.
Oral drug delivery has been recognized as the most desirable drug administration method among other drug delivery routes due to its ease of administration, long shelf life, and low cost. Orally disintegrating tablets disintegrate within seconds in the mouth without the need of water for swallowing. This unique feature of orally disintegrating tablets is favorable to special populations such as geriatric and pediatric patients. Formulation optimization is significant to obtain the optimal combination of tablet constituents, as the tablet composition is influential on dosage-form characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of fillers and percentage on the physical properties of orally disintegrating tablets by using amlodipine as the model drug. Blank orally disintegrating tablets containing different fillers, namely, Sorbolac 400, Granulac 200, and CombiLac with different percentages, were prepared using the wet granulation method and were evaluated based on weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, and disintegration time. Formulation 5 that consists of 25% Granulac 200 showed the optimal result among all formulations with the fastest disintegration time (96.17 s Å} 18.40) and sufficient tablet hardness (4.59 kg Å} 0.70). Hence, formulation 5 was selected as the optimal formulation and incorporated with amlodipine. From this study, it can be concluded that excipients have an essential role in determining the physical properties of orally disintegrating tablets.
Orally disintegrating tablets are a solid dosage form that will disintegrate rapidly within 3 minutes upon contact with saliva. Fillers or diluents are excipients that are used to make up the volume of orally disintegrating tablets, and some might act as a disintegrant or binder that will affect the physical properties of orally disintegrating tablets. The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate physical properties of orally disintegrating tablets containing Annona muricata leaves extract by a freeze-drying method using different fillers at different concentrations. In this study, fifteen formulations of orally disintegrating tablets were prepared by a freeze-drying method with different fillers such as starch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, StarLac, and CombiLac at 5%, 10%, and 15%. The orally disintegrating tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, and disintegration time test. The optimum formulation was chosen and incorporated with Annona muricata leaves extract. The results obtained in this work indicated that Formulation 3, with 15% starch, was the most optimum formulation due to the shortest disintegration time (21.08 seconds ± 4.24 seconds), and all the physical tests were within the acceptable range. The orally disintegrating tablets containing Annona muricata leaves extract possessed antioxidant activity and stable at least for 3 months under 60°C and 75% relative humidity.
Orally disintegrating tablets, which were originally developed in the pharmaceutical field to improve the compliance of patients who had difficulty swallowing tablets, have become a preferable choice in solid dosage forms since it brings advantages to the patients and consumers in the healthcare system. Among the advantages of this novel dosage form are a faster onset of action, improved bioavailability, and the ease of administration as it can be taken without water. However, there are still some limitations of orally disintegrating tablets that need to be overcome, including a lack of mechanical strength, an unpleasant taste of the drug in the mouth, and a stability issue due to its hygroscopicity nature. This objective of this study was to identify the composition of co-processed excipients comprising of mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, xylitol, and crospovidone or croscarmellose sodium in order to formulate orally disintegrating tablets containing memantine hydrochloride. This study was carried out in two stages. Firstly, orally disintegrating tablets containing memantine hydrochloride with 6 different formulations, which differed in the percentage of crospovidone or croscarmellose sodium, were formulated and manufactured. Secondly, the orally disintegrating tablets obtained were evaluated through pre- and post-compression tests based on the standard for orally disintegrating tablets. Formulation 3, which consisted of 10% xylitol, 10% mannitol, 72% microcrystalline cellulose, and 8% crospovidone, was chosen as the optimum formulation for the co-processed excipient since it was the fastest disintegration process among all the formulations in the study. In addition, Formulation 3 also showed the acceptable and satisfying results in other evaluation tests such as - weight variation test, hardness test, and friability test. The co-processed excipient comprising of 10% xylitol, 10% mannitol, 72% microcrystalline cellulose, and 8% crospovidone, which is characterized by improved functionalities such as a fast disintegration process, plays a crucial role in the application of orally disintegrating tablets.