Poultry production occupies an important place in the economy of any country. High broiler production in recent years has badly affected its profitability due to bad feed quality, excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, emergence of diverse pathogens, and the deficiencies in management practices during rearing cycle. Microbiological improvement of the meat quality using potential probiotics can be beneficial for broiler farming. Present study was initiated to isolate chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria with probiotic potential. To isolate probiotics from chicken gut, alimentary canal of chickens of known sizes and ages was suspended in ringers soln. Under shaking conditions for overnight followed by serial dilutions of ringers soln. Bacterial isolates were analyzed via growth curve analysis, biochemical testing using RapID™ NF Plus Panel kit, molecular characterization, antimicrobial activity assay, antibiotic sensitivity assay, GIT adherence assay, bile salt and gastric acid resistant assay, and cholesterol assimilation assay. Four bacteria isolated in present study were identified as Limosilactobacillus antri strain PUPro1, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain PUPro2, Lacticaseibacillus casei strain PUPro3, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain PUPro4. L. delbrueckii strain PUPro2 grew extremely fast. All isolates exhibited exceptional resistance to increasing concentrations of NaCl and bile salts with value of p >0.5. L. delbrueckii strain PUPro2 adhered to chicken ileum epithelial cells and demonstrated the highest viable counts of 320 colony forming units (CFUs). Antagonistic action was found in all isolates against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, B. proteus, and S. aureus, with value of p >0.5. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to all the antibiotics used. Cholesterol assimilation was detected in all bacteria, with values ranging from 216.12 to 192.2 mg/dL. All isolates exhibited γ-hemolysis. In future, these bacteria might be tested for their impact on broilers meat quality and growth and can be recommended for their use as supplements for broilers diet with positive impact on poultry production.
In order to expound on the present situation and potential risk of road dust heavy metals in major cities, a total of 114 literatures mainly over the past two decades, involving more than 5000 sampling sites in 61 cities of 21 countries, were screened through the collection and analysis of research papers. The concentration, sources, distribution, health risk, sample collection, and analytical methods of heavy metal research on road dust in cities around the world are summarized. The results show that Cd, Zn, and Cu in many urban road dusts in the world are higher than the grade II of the Chinese maximum allowable concentration of potentially toxic elements in the soil. Geo-accumulation index values show that Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu had the highest contamination levels. Hazard index assessment indicates Pb and Cr had the highest potential health risk, especially for children in which ingestion was found as the main exposure pathway. Moreover, through comparative analysis, it is found that some pollutants are higher in developed and industrialized cities and transport (53%) followed by industrial emissions (35%) provide the major contributions to the sources of heavy metals.
Since the first case of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has affected many individuals worldwide. Eventually, some highly infectious mutants-caused by frequent genetic recombination-have been reported for SARS-CoV-2 that can potentially escape from the immune responses and induce long-term immunity, linked with a high mortality rate. In addition, several reports stated that vaccines designed for the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type variant have mixed responses against the variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) in the human population. These results advocate the designing and development of a panvaccine with the potential to neutralize all the possible emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this context, recent discoveries suggest the design of SARS-CoV-2 panvaccines using nanotechnology, siRNA, antibodies or CRISPR-Cas platforms. Thereof, the present comprehensive review summarizes the current vaccine design approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the role of genetic mutations in the emergence of new viral variants, the efficacy of existing vaccines in limiting the infection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, and efforts or challenges in designing SARS panvaccines.