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Fulltext The effect of human salivary exosome on the basic fibroblast growth factor and collagen type I gene expressions from human periodontal fibroblast cells

Long, Tuan Kechik TSM, Berahim Z., Shahidan WNS

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(1):39-43.
MyJurnal

Gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the
genotype gives rise to phenotype. The development of human salivary
exosomes has become one of the promising researches to improve cell-based
tissue engineering but their functions in human periodontal ligament fibroblast
(HPdLF) cells are not well studied. To study the effect of human salivary
derived exosomes on the gene expression of HPdLF cells. In vitro, HPdLF
cells were cultured for 24 hours with 10 µg/ml of human salivary exosomes.
Determination of gene expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor
(bFGF) and collagen type I (COL1) in the presence and absence of human
salivary exosomes in HPdLF culture was performed using quantitative reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Human salivary
exosomes significantly upregulated bFGF gene expression but not COL1
gene in HPdLF cells after 24 hours of culture. Human salivary exosomes are
able to upregulate bFGF gene in HPdLF cells. Thus, they might have potential
to be used as an alternative biomaterial in tissue engineering for periodontal
regeneration.
Fulltext Establishment of the collection, storage and preservation methods and their influence on stability of human salivary exosome

Long, Tuan Kechik TSM, Berahim Z., Shahidan WNS

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(1):44-52.
MyJurnal

Abstract—The functions displayed by exosomes derived from saliva and
other body fluids have been established. This paper studied the stability of
human salivary exosome beginning from the collection mode, storage, and its
preservation methods. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from
healthy subjects. Protease inhibitor was added into each samples and stored
under different temperatures and at varying periods of time. The exosomes
were isolated by ultracentrifugation and confirmed by using Western Blot.
Exosome morphology was inspected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
and the protein concentration was determined using the Protein (Bradford)
Assay. The exosome particle size distribution and concentration were
calculated using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). The protein assay
showed no significant differences in the exosome protein concentration values
for all conditions. Western Blot analysis also showed no differences in the
presence of exosome and all the samples were positive for protein CD63.
SEM analysis showed the fine shape of exosome which is round, in vesicle
form with the size ranging between 10 nm and 100 nm. NTA determined the
individual mean and the clumping exosome size was 203 nm. Human salivary
exosomes remained intact in the absence of protease inhibitor and in different
storage temperatures.
Fulltext Salivary Exosomes: From Waste to Promising Periodontitis Treatment

Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Shahidan WNS

Front Physiol, 2021;12:798682.
PMID: 35069258 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.798682

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes tooth loss by destroying the supporting components of the teeth. In most cases, it is difficult to diagnose early and results in severe phases of the disease. Given their endogenous origins, exosomes, which are rich in peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids, have emerged as a cell-free therapeutic approach with low immunogenicity and increased safety. Because the constituents of exosomes can be reprogrammed depending on disease states, exosomes are increasingly being evaluated to act as potential diagnostic biomarkers for dental disease, including periodontitis. Exosomes also have been demonstrated to be involved in inflammatory signal transmission and periodontitis progression in vitro, indicating that they could be used as therapeutic targets for periodontal regeneration. Nevertheless, a review on the involvement of salivary exosomes in periodontitis in impacting the successful diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis is still lacking in the literature. Thus, this review is intended to scrutinize recent advancements of salivary exosomes in periodontitis treatment. We summarize recent research reports on the emerging roles and characteristics of salivary exosomes, emphasizing the different expressions and changed biological roles of exosomes in periodontitis.
Fulltext Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers?

Nik Mohamed Kamal NNSB, Shahidan WNS

Front Pharmacol, 2019;10:1500.
PMID: 32038230 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01500

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs with approximately 19-25 nucleotides that are involved in regulating a range of developmental and physiological processes. Non-exosomal circulating and exosomal miRNAs have also been proposed to be useful in diagnostics as biomarkers for diseases and different types of cancer. In this review, the quantity of miRNAs and of reliable experimental data analyses of miRNAs that come from exosomal and non-exosomal sources are discussed from the perspective of their use as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases, including viral infections, nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. We summarize other research findings regarding the use of miRNA from these two sources as biomarkers in diagnostics and clinical use. The challenges in using miRNA from these two sources in cancer and disease diagnostics are evaluated and discussed. Validation of specific miRNA signatures as biomarkers is a critical milestone in diagnostics.
Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Ming X, Hassan R, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS

Cureus, 2024 May;16(5):e61025.
PMID: 38800772 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61025

Background Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a widely used antimicrobial agent known for its ability to inhibit cariogenic bacteria, reduce plaque formation, neutralize acidity, and promote remineralization. However, the effectiveness of oxy-ionic solutions at different pH levels as an alternative antimicrobial treatment requires further exploration. This study aims to compare the antimicrobial effects of oxy-ionic solutions at various pH levels with those of CHX and fluoride. Methodology This study employed disc diffusion tests to measure the inhibition zone diameters of each solution and broth dilution assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results The oxy-ionic solutions exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial effectiveness depending on their pH levels. The solution at pH 5 demonstrated the best antimicrobial performance among the oxy-ionic solutions, with inhibition zones comparable to those of CHX. The MIC and MBC values indicated that oxy-ionic solutions in mildly acidic environments generally resulted in better antimicrobial activity. Conclusions The study concludes that while CHX remains highly effective against cariogenic bacteria, oxy-ionic solutions, particularly at pH 5, offer a promising alternative. The antimicrobial efficacy of oxy-ionic solutions is influenced by their pH levels. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects and clinical applications of oxy-ionic solutions in maintaining oral health and preventing disease.
Social Acceptability and Health Concerns of Smoking and Vaping Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Maqsood A, Shahidan WNS, Mirza D, Ahmed N, Heboyan A

Tob Use Insights, 2024;17:1179173X241300992.
PMID: 39534376 DOI: 10.1177/1179173X241300992

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess tobacco and vaping habits among university students, exploring awareness of university policies, attitudes, and behaviors related to smoking and vaping.
METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed among students from various universities, including institutions in Pakistan, covering demographics, smoking and vaping behaviors, awareness of policies, and beliefs. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Binomial tests, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression.
RESULTS: Out of the total 683 respondents, 65.02% were female, and 34.98% were male. Most participants were undergraduate students (71.31%), with Dentistry being the most represented field (50.36%). Most students perceived smoking or vaping as socially acceptable (58.3%) and were aware of university policies (59.3%). However, 46.6% were aware of cessation programs. Most of the students expressed concern about long-term vaping health risks (74.5%). Logistic regression identified gender (Male) and field of study (Dentistry) as significant predictors of policy awareness.
CONCLUSION: University students exhibit varied perceptions and behaviors related to smoking and vaping. The study highlights the importance of implementing effective policies and interventions to address tobacco and vaping use among them.
Fulltext Plasma- and Saliva Exosome Profile Reveals a Distinct MicroRNA Signature in Chronic Periodontitis

Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Awang RAR, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS

Front Physiol, 2020;11:587381.
PMID: 33329037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587381

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an oral cavity disease arising from chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Exosomes are lipid vesicles that are enriched in specific microRNAs (miRNAs), potentially providing a disease-specific diagnostic signature. To assess the value of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for CP, 8 plasma- and 8 salivary-exosomal miRNAs samples were profiled using Agilent platform (comparative study). From 2,549 probed miRNAs, 33 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in CP as compared to healthy plasma samples. Whereas, 1,995 miRNAs (1,985 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated) were differentially expressed in the CP as compared to healthy saliva samples. hsa-miR-let-7d [FC = -26.76; AUC = 1; r = -0.728 [p-value = 0.04]), hsa-miR-126-3p (FC = -24.02; AUC = 1; r = -0.723 [p-value = 0.043]) and hsa-miR-199a-3p (FC = -22.94; AUC = 1; r = -0.731 [p-value = 0.039]) are worth to be furthered studied for plasma-exosomal samples. Meanwhile, for salivary-exosomal samples, hsa-miR-125a-3p (FC = 2.03; AUC = 1; r = 0.91 [p-value = 0.02]) is worth to be furthered studied. These miRNAs are the reliable candidates for the development of periodontitis biomarker, as they were significantly expressed differently between CP and healthy samples, have a good discriminatory value and strongly correlate with the mean of PPD. These findings highlight the potential of exosomal miRNAs profiling in the diagnosis from both sourced as well as provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in CP.
Fulltext Phytochemical Compounds of Raw Versus Methanol-Extracted Kelulut, Tualang, and Manuka Honeys

Chu LI, Berahim Z, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS, Yhaya MF, Zainuddin SLA

Cureus, 2023 Apr;15(4):e38297.
PMID: 37255896 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38297

Honey has been widely used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. It is produced by stinging bees or stingless bees by processing the collected nectar or plant sap in their bodies into raw honey. Extraction of honey will result in the pooling of crude volatile bioactive materials that could enhance its benefits. This work aims to compare the phytochemical characteristics of raw and methanol-extracted honeys in the Kelulut, Tualang and Manuka honeys. All types of raw honey samples were extracted by using the methanol extraction method and both groups were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at the National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. The findings showed that 23 compounds were identified in raw Kelulut honey and 18 compounds in methanol-extracted Kelulut honey; 28 compounds were identified in raw Tualang honey and 29 compounds in methanol-extracted Tualang honey; 19 compounds in raw Manuka honey and 22 compounds in methanol-extracted Manuka honey. There were differences in the phytochemical substances detected in raw and methanol-extracted honeys. The major compounds in raw honeys were mostly from the ketone, alcohol, and ester groups, whereas the ketone group was dominant in methanol-extracted honeys. Most bioactive substances identified in the methanol-extracted variant of honeys were more concentrated than the raw variant. A majority of these substances have antimicrobial characteristics.
Fulltext Physicochemical Characterization of Thermally Processed Goose Bone Ash for Bone Regeneration

Abdul Rahman FS, Abdullah AM, Radhi A, Shahidan WNS, Abdullah JY

J Funct Biomater, 2023 Jun 30;14(7).
PMID: 37504846 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070351

Goose bone is traditionally applied for many ailments including bone fractures. Goose bone that consists of calcium phosphate plays a major role in bone regeneration. In this study, the production of goose bone ash (GBA) was translated from a traditional process into one of a laboratory scale via thermal and mechanical methods. The GBA was thermally processed via calcination at 300 °C and 900 °C. The differences in physicochemical properties between studied GBA (SGBA) and commercial GBA (CGBA) were elucidated via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction X-Ray (EDX). The morphological properties of SGBA and CGBA were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in which nano-sized particles were detected. The results showed that the SGBA of 300 °C had comparable physicochemical properties to those of CGBA. A high processing temperature was associated with decreasing organic compounds and increasing crystallinity. The finding from EDX suggests that sintering at 900 °C (SGBA 900) demonstrated the presence of hydroxyapatite in the mineralogical phase and had a Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.64 which is comparable to the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 1.67. Findings from this study could be used for the further exploration of GBA as a potential material for bone regeneration via the elucidation of their biological properties in the next experimental setting.
Fulltext Risk factors and approaches for detection of Trichomonas tenax, the silent culprit in periodontal disease: A narrative review

Nor Azmi NJ, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS, Taib H, Mohamed Z, Osman E

Saudi Dent J, 2024 Feb;36(2):258-261.
PMID: 38419993 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.11.014

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the periodontium tissues surrounding the teeth, potentially leading to loss of tooth attachment. In individuals with periodontal disease, the presence of Trichomonas tenax, a parasitic protozoan of the oral cavity has been observed and its frequency tends to rise as the disease progresses.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted in the online databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus using the combination of keywords: "Trichomonas tenax" AND "periodontal disease" OR "gum disease", OR "oral disease" OR "periodontitis". A total of 9 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in this study.
RESULTS: This review highlights the incidence of T. tenax with periodontal diseases, the risk factors that contribute to the infection of T. tenax and available detection methods for the identification of the protozoan.
CONCLUSION: The inhabitation of the oral cavity by T. tenax prospers with the severity of periodontal diseases. Extensive research should be conducted to fully understand the potential pathogenic role and damaging effect of T. tenax in the oral cavity.