Two dominant species of wild small rodents trapped in Novosibirsk region, South-Western Siberia, Russia differed in their susceptibility to the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection. TBEV RNA average detection rate for Northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779) (82.2 ± 5.8% blood samples and 63.1 ± 2.7% organ samples) significantly exceeded the corresponding values for the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) (47.0 ± 8.7% blood and 24.5 ± 2.8% organ samples) (p <0.001). Innate immunity may be one of possible reasons of the differences. Th1 cytokine gene expression distinguished between M. rutilus (12.5 ± 8.5%) and A. agrarius (66.6 ± 11.4%), whereas Th2 cytokine frequencies were statistically similar (81.8 ± 12.2% and 100.0%, respectively). Polarization indexes (PI) of the innate immunity calculated as ratio of Th2 to Th1 cytokine RNA detection rates for both M. rutilus (6.5) and A. agrarius (1.5) suggested Th2 mainly humoral immune response against persistent TBEV in natural mammalian hosts. Therefore, the TBEV-induced antibodies were analyzed by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The TBEV-specific antibodies were detected in 74.8 ± 4.3% sera of M. rutilus and 67.3 ± 6.8% of A. agrarius. Among them HI antibodies were found in 4.8 ± 2.1% of the same analyzed sera of M. rutilus and in 6.0 ± 3.4% blood samples of A. agrarius only. To model the TBEV persistence both M. rutilus and A. agrarius were infected with the suspensions of the TBEV-infected ticks with further observations during 4 subsequent months. Detection rate of the TBEV RNA and antigen E remained high during the whole period, however, pathogenic for laboratory suckling mice virus was isolated up to 8 days postinfection. At late stages of the persistent infection (1-4 months) the TBEV RNA detection rate in northern red-backed voles remained high 70.6 ± 7.9% whereas in striped field mice significantly declined to 26.7 ± 9.2% (p .05) but Th1 cytokine mRNA detection rates were different (44.4 ± 12.5% and 85.7 ± 9.7%, respectively) (p
Vaccine hesitancy and refusal remain a major concern for healthcare professionals and policymakers. Hence, it is necessary to ascertain the underlying factors that promote or hinder the uptake of vaccines. Authorities and policy makers are experimenting with vaccine promotion messages to communities using loss and gain-framed messages. However, the effectiveness of message framing in influencing the intention to be vaccinated is unclear. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this study analysed the impact of individual attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination, direct and indirect social norms, perceived behavioural control and perceived threat towards South Indian millennials' intention to get vaccinated. The study also assessed the effect of framing vaccine communication messages with gain and loss framing. Data was collected from 228 Millennials from South India during the COVID-19 pandemic from September to October 2021 and analysed using PLS path modelling and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). The findings reveal that attitudes towards vaccination, perceived threat and indirect social norms positively impact millennials' intention to take up vaccines in both message frames. Further, independent sample t-test between the framing groups indicate that negative (loss framed message) leads to higher vaccination intention compared to positive (gain framed message). A loss-framed message is thus recommended for message framing to promote vaccine uptake among millennials. These findings provide useful information in understanding the impact of message framing on behavioural intentions, especially in the context of vaccine uptake intentions of Millennials in South India.
In order to meet the rising global demand for food and to ensure food security in line with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 2, technological advances have been introduced in the food production industry. The organic food industry has benefitted from advances in food technology and innovation. However, there remains skepticism regarding organic foods on the part of consumers, specifically on consumers' acceptance of food innovation technologies used in the production of organic foods. This study measured factors that influence consumers' food innovation adoption and subsequently their intention to purchase organic foods. We compared the organic foods purchase behavior of Malaysian and Hungarian consumers to examine differences between Asian and European consumers. The findings show food innovation adoption as the most crucial predictor for the intention to purchase organic foods in Hungary, while social lifestyle factor was the most influential in Malaysia. Other factors such as environmental concerns and health consciousness were also examined in relation to food innovation adoption and organic food consumerism. This paper discusses differences between European and Asian organic foods consumers and provides recommendations for stakeholders.
Cs2Pb(MoO4)2crystals were prepared by crystallization from their own melt, and the crystal structure has been studied in detail. At 296 K, the molybdate crystallizes in the low-temperature α-form and has a monoclinic palmierite-related superstructure (space group C2/m, a = 2.13755(13) nm, b = 1.23123(8) nm, c = 1.68024(10) nm, β = 115.037(2)°, Z = 16) possessing the largest unit cell volume, 4.0066(4) nm3, among lead-containing palmierites. The compound undergoes a distortive phase transition at 635 K and incongruently melts at 943 K. The electronic structure of α-Cs2Pb(MoO4)2was explored by using X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods. For α-Cs2Pb(MoO4)2, the photoelectron core-level and valence-band spectra and the XES band representing the energy distribution of Mo 4d and O 2p states were recorded. Our results allow one to conclude that the Mo 4d and O 2p states contribute mainly to the central part and at the top of the valence band, respectively, with also significant contributions throughout the whole valence-band region of the molybdate under consideration.