Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted between October 2017 and February 2018 on participants whose stool examinations confirmed the presence of Trichuris trichiura infection. The subjects were randomised into two groups. The statistical analysis used Chi-square test.
Results: There were 392 of 600 children at five public elementary schools in Bangli and Bali and were infected with Trichuris trichiura. The cure rate of Trichuris trichiura infection seven days following treatment was lower with the combination of albendazole and pyrantel pamoate compared to that of albendazole. The egg reduction rate of Trichuris trichiura infection was lower with the combination of albendazole and pyrantel pamoate compared to albendazole.
Conclusion: The study indicated that a combination of albendazole and pyrantel pamoate does not improve cure rate or egg reduction rate in 8-12 years old children with Trichuris trichiura infection.
METHODS: Children enrolled in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database were included if they started antiretroviral therapy (ART) on or after January 1st, 2008. Factors associated with severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia were assessed using competing-risk regression.
RESULTS: A total of 3,944 children were included in the analysis; 136 cases of severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia were reported at a rate of 6.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5-7.7] events per 1,000 patient-years. Clinical factors associated with severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia were younger age [adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (aHR): 4.4 for <5 years versus ≥10 years, 95% CI: 2.2-8.4, P < 0.001], lower weight-for-age z-score (aHR: 1.5 for -2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, P = 0.024), pre-ART diagnosis of severe recurrent bacterial pneumonia (aHR: 4.0 versus no pre-ART diagnosis, 95% CI: 2.7-5.8, P < 0.001), past diagnosis of symptomatic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis or chronic HIV-associated lung disease, including bronchiectasis (aHR: 4.8 versus no past diagnosis, 95% CI: 2.8-8.4, P < 0.001), low CD4% (aHR: 3.5 for <10% versus ≥25%, 95% CI: 1.9-6.4, P < 0.001) and detectable HIV viral load (aHR: 2.6 versus undetectable, 95% CI: 1.2-5.9, P = 0.018).
CONCLUSIONS: Children <10-years-old and those with low weight-for-age, a history of respiratory illness, low CD4% or poorly controlled HIV are likely to gain the greatest benefit from targeted prevention and treatment programs to reduce the burden of bacterial pneumonia in children living with HIV.
METHODS: Patients were followed from 5 years after ART until the earlier of their 25th birthday, last visit, death, or LTFU. We used Cox regression to assess predictors of mortality and competing risk regression to assess factors associated with LTFU.
RESULTS: In total, 4488 children and adolescents initiating ART between 1997 and 2016 were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up time of 5.2 years. Of these, 107 (2.2%) died and 271 (6.0%) were LTFU. Mortality rate was 4.35 and LTFU rate 11.01 per 1000 person-years. Increased mortality was associated with AIDS diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-2.37), current CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 compared with ≥500 (highest aHR 13.85; 95% CI 6.91-27.76 for CD4 <200), viral load ≥10 000 copies/mL compared with <400 (aHR 3.28; 95% CI 1.90-5.63), and exposure to more than one ART regimen (aHR 1.51; 95% CI 1.14-2.00). Factors associated with LTFU were male sex (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [asHR] 1.29; 95% CI 1.04-1.59), current viral load >1000 copies/mL compared with <400 (highest asHR 2.36; 95% CI 1.19-4.70 for viral load 1000-9999), and ART start after year 2005 compared with ≤2005 (highest asHR 5.96; 95% CI 1.98-17.91 for 2010-2016).
CONCLUSION: For children and adolescents surviving 5 years on ART, both current CD4 and viral load remained strong indicators that help to keep track of their treatment outcomes. More effort should be made to monitor patients who switch treatments.