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  1. Shahzad H, Giribabu N, Muniandy S, Salleh N
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2014;7(9):5484-94.
    PMID: 25337190
    This study investigated the effect of 10 or 100 mg/kg/day quercetin on the uterus of ovariectomized adult female rats receiving sex-steroid replacement regime mimicking changes in hormonal profiles during the reproductive cycle. Following seven days of treatment with estrogen and progesterone with or without quercetin, uteri were harvested for histological and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein and mRNA expression and PCNA protein distribution analyses. Our findings indicated that co-administration of 10 mg/kg/day quercetin with estrogen and progesterone caused a significant decrease in the size of uterine lumen and epithelial heights with lower PCNA protein and mRNA expression as compared to estrogen plus progesterone-only treatment (P < 0.05). Concomitant treatment with estrogen and progesterone with 100 mg/kg/day quercetin resulted in a marked increase in the number of glands with increased PCNA protein and mRNA expression. Significantly higher PCNA distribution was observed in the stroma and glands as compared to estrogen plus progesterone-only treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, at 10 mg/kg/day, quercetin affects uterine morphology but not proliferation, however at 100 mg/kg/day, quercetin induced significant stromal and glandular proliferation which could predispose the uterus towards neoplastic development.
  2. Mokhtar HM, Giribabu N, Muniandy S, Salleh N
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2014;7(5):1967-76.
    PMID: 24966906
    Pinopode, a progesterone-dependent endometrial projection which appears during uterine receptivity period, participates in blastocyst implantation. Blastocyst loosely attaches to pinopode via L-selectin ligand (MECA-79). We hypothesized that pinopode and MECA-79 expressions were affected by testosterone. Therefore, the effect of testosterone on pinopode and MECA-79 expressions during uterine receptivity period were investigated.
  3. Mitra NK, Goh TE, Bala Krishnan T, Nadarajah VD, Vasavaraj AK, Soga T
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2013;6(8):1505-15.
    PMID: 23923068
    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of idiopathic etiology. Glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the proposed hypotheses causing progressive death of motor neurons. We aimed to develop an experimental animal model of this disease to enhance the knowledge of pathophysiological mechanism of ALS. Male Wistar rats were infused with Kainic acid (KA) intra-cisternally for 5 days at the dosage of 50 fmol/day and 150 fmol/day. Locomotor activity, sensory function and histological changes in cervical and lumbar sections of spinal cord were evaluated. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Neurofilament Protein (NFP) were used as immunohistochemical marker for reactive astrogliosis and neuronal damage respectively. Specific Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity of spinal cord was estimated. The locomotor activity in the parameter of observed mean action time remained reduced on 14(th) day after administration of KA. Spinal motor neurons under Nissl stain showed pyknosis of nucleus and vacuolation of neuropil. GFAP expression increased significantly in the lumbar section of the spinal cord with high dose of KA treatment (p<0.05). NFP was expressed in axonal fibres around the neurons in KA-treated rats. A significant increase in specific SOD activity in both cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord was found with low dose of KA treatment (p<0.05). This study concludes that spinal cord damage with some features similar to ALS can be produced by low dose intra-cisternal administration of KA.
  4. Rahman WF, Rahman KS, Nafi SN, Fauzi MH, Jaafar H
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2015;8(6):6095-106.
    PMID: 26261487
    The relationship between DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in mediating tumorigenesis is still poorly understood. This study was carried out to investigate a correlation between DNMT1 and MGMT immunoexpression in astrocytic tumour samples.
  5. Wong YP, Tan GC, Mukari SAM, Palaniandy K
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2021;14(5):627-632.
    PMID: 34093948
    Heterotopic ossification (HO), a synonym for osseous metaplasia, is a pathological phenomenon, characterized by abnormal bone formation outside the skeletal system observed commonly in various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. HO occurring in meningioma is exceptionally rare. We reportherein an unusual case of spinal meningioma containing numerous calcified psammoma bodies and extensive HO in a 75-year-old woman, who presented with progressive worsening bilateral lower limb weakness and numbness. The presence of remarkable bone formation within a meningioma is controversial among pathologists; while some regard them as psammomatous meningioma as the primary diagnosis, others prefer osteoblastic meningioma, a form of metaplastic meningioma. There is compelling molecular data to advocate that HO is an active disease process involving metaplastic (osseous) differentiation of meningioma stroma mesenchymal stem-like cells, but not the meningothelial-derived tumor cells. Henceforth, the term "metaplastic meningioma" may not be appropriate in this context. A plausible designation as "psammomatous meningioma with osseous metaplasia" defines this entity more accurately. This paper highlights the need for a unifying nomenclature to reduce diagnostic controversy caused by conflicting terms in the literature. The possible pathogenesis of this intriguing phenomenon is discussed.
  6. He G, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Chen H, Zhao Z, et al.
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2020;13(5):1060-1065.
    PMID: 32509079
    In recent years, the incidence and mortality of infectious diseases in China are increasing. Infectious diseases, especially new infectious diseases, seriously threaten people's lives. Recent works found that most of the emerging infectious diseases come from wild life. At the same time, the impact of human activities on the environment has further deteriorated the living environment of wildlife. However, with the conducted in-depth research on virus, human beings increase the risk of getting infected. Taking Beta Coronavirus as the example, we analyzed the transmission risks of coronavirus in the prevention and control of the outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, and recommend the prevention and control strategies before, during and after the viral outbreak. Additional works are urgently needed to better define the biological and epidemiological characteristics of these viruses.
  7. Mitra NK, Bindal U, Eng Hwa W, Chua CL, Tan CY
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2015;8(10):12041-52.
    PMID: 26722389
    Out of the minor myelin proteins, most significant one is myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have proven immunoregulatory capacity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of syngeneic MSCs on mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through observation of locomotion by footprint analysis, histological analysis of spinal cord and estimation IL-17. C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks, n = 16) were immunized with 300 µg of MOG35-55 and 200 µL of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to produce EAE model. Sham-treated control (n = 8) were injected with CFA. Half of immunized mice were given 100 µL of PBS (n = 8) and next half (n = 8) received 1 × 10(5) MSCs on day 11 through the tail veins. Clinical scoring showed development of EAE (loss of tonicity of tail and weakness of hind limb) on day 10. Following MSC treatment, clinical scores and hindlimb stride length showed significant improvement on day 15 onwards, compared to day 10 (P < 0.05). Under LFB staining, while PBS-treated group of EAE mice showed pale and degenerated axons in anterolateral white column of lumbar spinal cord, MSC-treated group showed numerous normal-looking axons. H&E staining showed normal axons in anterolateral white column and reduction of macrophages in MSC-treated EAE mice group. A lower level of IL-17 was observed in MSC treated EAE mice, compared to PBS-treated EAE mice. Our results suggest that Intravenous MSC has the potential to improve the locomotion and regeneration of axons in spinal cord in MOG-induced EAE model.
  8. Wong RSY
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2021;14(7):831-844.
    PMID: 34367415
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). To date, there were > 163 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the disease has claimed > 3.3 million lives globally. As with many other diseases, inflammation is a key feature of COVID-19. When inflammation is overwhelming, it may lead to unfavorable outcomes or even death. Scientists all over the world are working tirelessly in search of therapeutic strategies to suppress or modulate inflammation in COVID-19. This review gives an overview of the role of inflammation in COVID-19. It also critically examines the various treatment approaches that target the immune system and inflammation in COVID-19, as well as highlights the key findings in the numerous studies conducted thus far.
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