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Childhood drowning in Malaysia

Hss AS, Tan PS, Hashim L

Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2014;21(1):75-80.
PMID: 23651461 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.792284

This study aimed to collate data on childhood drowning in Malaysia and review existing drowning prevention measures. This study used secondary data from governmental and non-governmental agencies. All reported fatal drownings from 2000 to 2007 and all reported non-fatal drownings from 2000 to 2008 were included. Data were analysed to provide understanding of the epidemiology of drowning incidents, risk factors and available preventive efforts. On average 286 (range 248-344) children died yearly due to drowning with a death rate of 3.05 per 100,000 annually. An additional average of 207 children drowned but survived annually (1.99 per 100,000). The estimated burden of drowning in children (death and non-death) is 5 per 100,000. There was no reduction in annual drowning fatalities over time. Most drowning took place in east coast regions during the annual monsoon season. It was 3.52 (2.80-4.41) times more common in boys and most prevalent among 10-14 years. Most prevalent sites of all-age drowning were seas and rivers. Limited water safety regulations are currently available in the country. This is the first comprehensive national study in Malaysia on paediatric drowning and highlights the magnitude of the problem. It calls for concerted effort to devise effective national drowning prevention measures.

Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/prevention & control
The development of an intervention package to prevent children under five years old drowning in rural Bangladesh

Hossain M, Mani KK, Mohd Sidik S, Kadir Shahar H

Acta Paediatr, 2016 Aug;105(8):e373-8.
PMID: 27111395 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13447

AIM: There are an estimated 372 000 worldwide deaths by drowning every year, and it has been described as a secret epidemic in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to develop an intervention package to prevent children under the age of five from drowning in rural Bangladesh.
METHODS: This was a qualitative study using focus group discussions in three villages in rural Bangladesh. The 45 participants were mothers and fathers with children under five, the parents of children who had drowned and community leaders.
RESULTS: The majority of the participants (71%) were male. The focus groups revealed that most drowning's occurred between 11am and 2pm and that risk factors included the following: children not being able to swim, ditches that were not filled in, lack of medical facilities, parents who were not aware of childhood drowning and lack of information through the media about how to prevent of childhood drowning. Suggestions included using a mobile-based short messaging service or voice calls to parents, especially mothers, could increase awareness and reduce the risk of childhood drowning.
CONCLUSION: A safety education programme could be effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes, which could prevent drowning among children in Bangladesh.

Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/prevention & control*
Fulltext Randomized controlled trial on drowning prevention for parents with children aged below five years in Bangladesh: a study protocol

Hossain M, Mani KK, Mohd Sidik S, Hayati KS, Rahman AK

BMC Public Health, 2015;15:484.
PMID: 25957574 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1823-1

Drowning is the third leading cause of death for children aged 0-4 years in many Asian countries, and is a serious but neglected health problem in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. The aim of the study is to outline the study protocol of a trial to test the efficacy of a mobile coach based intervention for the prevention of childhood drowning.

Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/prevention & control*
Fulltext Socio-demographic, environmental and caring risk factors for childhood drowning deaths in Bangladesh

Hossain M, Mani KK, Sidik SM, Hayati KS, Rahman AK

BMC Pediatr, 2015;15:114.
PMID: 26357879 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0431-7

Drowning contributes to incapacity and early death in many countries. In low- and middle-income countries, children are the most susceptible to fatalities. Over 50 % of the global drowning deaths occur among children aged under 15 years old with children aged between 1 and 4 years of age being most at risk. In Bangladesh, drowning rates are 10 to 20 times more than those in other developing countries. The object of this study is to determine the socio-demographic, environmental and caring hazard issues for child drowning in Bangladesh.

Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/prevention & control