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  1. Fulltext Effect of environmental enrichment exposure on neuronal morphology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and stressed rat hippocampus
    Pamidi N, Nayak S
    Biomed J, 2014 Jul-Aug;37(4):225-31.
    PMID: 25116719 DOI: 10.4103/2319-4170.125651
    BACKGROUND: Environmental enrichment (EE) exposure is known to influence the structural changes in the neuronal network of hippocampus. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of EE exposure on the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and stressed rat hippocampus.
    METHODS: Male albino rats of Wistar strain (4-5 weeks old) were grouped into normal control (NC), vehicle control (VC), diabetes (DI), diabetes + stress (DI + S), diabetes + EE (DI + E), and diabetes + stress + EE (DI + S + E) groups (n = 8 in each group). Rats were exposed to stress and EE after inducing diabetes with STZ (40 mg/kg). Rats were sacrificed on Day 30 and brain sections were processed for cresyl violet staining to quantify the number of surviving neurons in the CA1, CA3, and dentate hilus (DH) regions of hippocampus.
    RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the number of survived neurons was noticed in DI (CA1, 34.06 ± 3.2; CA3, 36.1 ± 3.62; DH, 9.83 ± 2.02) as well as DI + S (CA1, 14.03 ± 3.12; CA3, 20.27 ± 4.09; DH, 6.4 ± 1.21) group rats compared to NC rats (CA1, 53.64 ± 2.96; CA3, 62.1 ± 3.34; DH, 21.11 ± 1.03). A significant (p < 0.001) increase in the number of survived neurons was observed in DI + E (CA1, 42.3 ± 3.66; CA3, 46.73 ± 4.74; DH, 17.03 ± 2.19) and DI + S + E (CA1, 29.69 ± 4.47; CA3, 36.73 ± 3.89; DH, 12.23 ± 2.36) group rats compared to DI and DI + S groups, respectively.
    CONCLUSIONS: EE exposure significantly reduced the amount of neuronal damage caused by complications of diabetes and stress to the neurons of hippocampus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology*
  2. Evaluation of neurotoxicity of repeated dermal application of chlorpyrifos on hippocampus of adult mice
    Mitra NK, Siong HH, Nadarajah VD
    Ann Agric Environ Med, 2008;15(2):211-6.
    PMID: 19061257
    Dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide is important because of its use in agriculture and control of household pests. The objectives of this study are to investigate firstly, the biochemical changes in the blood and secondly, histomorphometric changes in the hippocampus of adult mice following dermal application of chlorpyrifos in sub-toxic doses. Male Swiss albino mice (60 days) were segregated into one control and two treated groups (n=10). Chlorpyrifos, diluted with xylene, was applied in doses of 1/2 of LD(50) (E1) and 1/5 of LD(50) (E2) over the tail of mice of the two treated groups, 6 hours daily for 3 weeks. AChE levels in the serum and brain were estimated using a spectrophotometric method (Amplex Red reagent). Coronal serial sections were stained with 0.2 % thionin in acetate buffer and pyramidal neurons of Cornu Ammonis of hippocampus were counted at 400x magnification using Image Pro Express software. At the end of 3 weeks, body weights were reduced significantly in E1 group. Serum AChE concentrations were reduced by 97 % in E1 and 74 % in E2 groups compared to controls. The neurons of CA 3 and CA 1 in the hippocampus showed evidences of morphological damage in both treated groups. Furthermore, the neuronal count was significantly reduced in CA 3 layer of hippocampus in E1 group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  3. Fulltext Growth Hormone Treatment Promotes Remote Hippocampal Plasticity after Experimental Cortical Stroke
    Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Åberg ND, Crock P, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Isgaard J, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jun 26;21(12).
    PMID: 32604953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124563
    Cognitive impairment is common after stroke, and disturbances in hippocampal function are often involved, even in remote non-hippocampal injuries. In terms of hippocampal function, growth hormone (GH) is known to affects plasticity and cognition. We aimed to investigate whether GH treatment after an experimental cortical stroke could enhance remote hippocampal plasticity and the hippocampal-dependent visual discrimination task. C57BL6 male mice were subjected to cortical photothrombotic stroke. Stroke mice were then treated with either saline or GH at 48 h after occlusion for 28 days. We assessed learning and memory using mouse touchscreen platform for the visual discrimination task. We also evaluated markers of neural progenitor cells, synaptic plasticity and cerebrovascular remodelling in the hippocampal formation. GH treatment significantly improved the performance on visual discrimination task after stroke. We observed a concomitant increased number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We also detected increased protein levels and density of doublecortin, a neuronal precursor cells marker, as well as glutamate receptor 1 (GLuR1), a synaptic marker. These findings provide further neurobiological evidence for how GH treatment could be used to promote hippocampal plasticity in a remote region from the initial cortical injury, and thus enhance cognitive recovery after stroke.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  4. Fulltext Altered trajectories of neurodevelopment and behavior in mouse models of Rett syndrome
    Smith ES, Smith DR, Eyring C, Braileanu M, Smith-Connor KS, Ei Tan Y, et al.
    Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2019 Nov;165:106962.
    PMID: 30502397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.007
    Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in the x-linked gene coding for methyl-CpG-biding-protein 2 (MECP2) and that mainly affects females. Male and female transgenic mouse models of RTT have been studied extensively, and we have learned a great deal regarding RTT neuropathology and how MeCP2 deficiency may be influencing brain function and maturation. In this manuscript we review what is known concerning structural and coinciding functional and behavioral deficits in RTT and in mouse models of MeCP2 deficiency. We also introduce our own corroborating data regarding behavioral phenotype and morphological alterations in volume of the cortex and striatum and the density of neurons, aberrations in experience-dependent plasticity within the barrel cortex and the impact of MeCP2 loss on glial structure. We conclude that regional structural changes in genetic models of RTT show great similarity to the alterations in brain structure of patients with RTT. These region-specific modifications often coincide with phenotype onset and contribute to larger issues of circuit connectivity, progression, and severity. Although the alterations seen in mouse models of RTT appear to be primarily due to cell-autonomous effects, there are also non-cell autonomous mechanisms including those caused by MeCP2-deficient glia that negatively impact healthy neuronal function. Collectively, this body of work has provided a solid foundation on which to continue to build our understanding of the role of MeCP2 on neuronal and glial structure and function, its greater impact on neural development, and potential new therapeutic avenues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  5. Effect of concurrent application of heat, swim stress and repeated dermal application of chlorpyrifos on the hippocampal neurons in mice
    Mitra NK, Nadarajah VD, Siong HH
    Folia Neuropathol, 2009;47(1):60-8.
    PMID: 19353435
    Dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, is important because of its popular use. Stress has been reported to exacerbate neurotoxic effects of certain OP pesticides; however, quantitative studies to corroborate this are not reported. This study correlates the changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels and neuronal counts in areas of the hippocampus to consecutive exposure of stress, heat and CPF. Male mice (60 days) were segregated into six groups: one control, one stress control, and four treated groups (n=10). CPF was applied in doses of 1/2 and 1/5 of dermal LD50 (E1 and E2) over the tail of mice under occlusive bandages for 3 weeks. Stress control [(s) C] mice were subjected to swim stress at 38 degrees C (6 mins/day, 3 weeks). (s) E1 and (s) E2 were subjected to swim stress before CPF application. Blood and brain AChE levels were estimated using a spectrofluorometric method (Amplex Red). Pyramidal neurons of the cornu ammonis of the hippocampus under Nissl stain from histological sections were counted per unit area of section and analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA. Swim stress at 38 degrees C aggravated reduction of serum AChE by dermal exposure to CPF by 19.7%. Neurons of CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus showed significant reduction in neuronal counts in (s) E1 and (s) E2 groups compared to E1 and E2 groups. Whereas application of CPF 1/2 dermal LD50 (E1) showed significant reduction of neuronal counts only in the CA3 area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  6. Time course of motor and cognitive functions after chronic cerebral ischemia in rats
    Damodaran T, Hassan Z, Navaratnam V, Muzaimi M, Ng G, Müller CP, et al.
    Behav Brain Res, 2014 Dec 15;275:252-8.
    PMID: 25239606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.014
    Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability in aging populations, due to the frequent occurrence of irreversible brain damage and subsequent loss of neuronal function which lead to cognitive impairment and some motor dysfunction. In the present study, the real time course of motor and cognitive functions were evaluated following the chronic cerebral ischemia induced by permanent, bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (PBOCCA). Male Sprague Dawley rats (200-300g) were subjected to PBOCCA or sham-operated surgery and tested 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks following the ischemic insult. The results showed that PBOCCA significantly reduced step-through latency in a passive avoidance task at all time points when compared to the sham-operated group. PBOCCA rats also showed significant increase in escape latencies during training in the Morris water maze, as well as a reduction of the percentage of times spend in target quadrant of the maze at all time points following the occlusion. Importantly, there were no significant changes in locomotor activity between PBOCCA and sham-operated groups. The BDNF expression in the hippocampus was 29.3±3.1% and 40.1±2.6% on day 14 and 28 post PBOCCA, respectively compared to sham-operated group. Present data suggest that the PBOCCA procedure effectively induces behavioral, cognitive symptoms associated with cerebral ischemia and, consequently, provides a valuable model to study ischemia and related neurodegenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  7. Fulltext NMDA receptor antagonism with novel indolyl, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, reduces seizures duration in a rat model of epilepsy
    Rothan HA, Amini E, Faraj FL, Golpich M, Teoh TC, Gholami K, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2017 03 30;7:45540.
    PMID: 28358047 DOI: 10.1038/srep45540
    N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play a central role in epileptogensis and NMDAR antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in animals and humans. Despite significant progress in the development of antiepileptic therapies over the previous 3 decades, a need still exists for novel therapies. We screened an in-house library of small molecules targeting the NMDA receptor. A novel indolyl compound, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, (DDBM) showed the best binding with the NMDA receptor and computational docking data showed that DDBM antagonised the binding sites of the NMDA receptor at lower docking energies compared to other molecules. Using a rat electroconvulsive shock (ECS) model of epilepsy we showed that DDBM decreased seizure duration and improved the histological outcomes. Our data show for the first time that indolyls like DDBM have robust anticonvulsive activity and have the potential to be developed as novel anticonvulsants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  8. Clinical, semiological, electroencephalographic, and neuropsychological features of "pure" neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy
    Maizuliana H, Usui N, Terada K, Kondo A, Inoue Y
    Epileptic Disord, 2020 Feb 01;22(1):55-65.
    PMID: 32031536 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2020.1132
    We examined the clinical, semiological, scalp EEG, and neuropsychological features of patients with "pure" neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (NTLE) who were successfully treated by neocortical temporal resection sparing the mesial temporal structures. This retrospective study included 17 patients with lesional NTLE who satisfied the following criteria: presence of a discrete structural lesion in the lateral temporal lobe on preoperative MRI; lateral temporal resection sparing the mesial temporal structures; follow-up for at least two years after surgery; and favourable postoperative seizure outcome (Engel Class I). The study included 10 females and seven males, and the age at surgery ranged from 15 to 48 years (mean: 30.7 years). Auras, video-recorded seizure semiology, interictal and ictal EEG, and pre- and post-operative neuropsychological data were reviewed. Twenty patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis, who had a favourable postoperative seizure outcome (Engel Class I), were selected as a control group. Age at seizure onset was significantly greater in patients with NTLE than in controls. A history of febrile convulsion was significantly less frequent in NTLE patients. Epigastric ascending sensation (6% versus 40%; p=0.017), oral automatisms (29% versus 80%; p=0.003), gestural automatisms (47% versus 80%; p=0.047), and dystonic posturing (0% versus 40%; p=0.003) were significantly less frequent in NTLE than controls. Ictal unitemporal rhythmic theta activity was also significantly less frequent in NTLE than controls (35.3% versus 75%; p=0.015). Preoperative IQ score (range: 68 to 114; mean: 88.9) and preoperative memory quotient score (range: 56-122; mean: 98.1) were significantly higher in NTLE (p=0.003 and p=0.048, respectively). There were notable differences in clinical, semiological, EEG, and neuropsychological features between "pure" NTLE and MTLE. These findings may be useful to identify the epileptogenic zone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology*
  9. Remarkable migration propensity of dental pulp stem cells towards neurodegenerative milieu: An in vitro analysis
    Senthilkumar S, Venugopal C, Parveen S, K S, Rai KS, Kutty BM, et al.
    Neurotoxicology, 2020 12;81:89-100.
    PMID: 32905802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.08.006
    Stem cell therapy provides a ray of hope for treating neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) were extensively investigated for their role in neuroregeneration. However, drawbacks like painful bone marrow extraction, less proliferation and poor CNS engraftment following systemic injections of BM-MSC prompt us to search for alternate/appropriate source of MSC for treating ND. In this context, dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) could be an alternative to BM-MSC as it possess both mesenchymal and neural characteristic features due to its origin from ectoderm, ease of isolation, higher proliferation index and better neuroprotection. A study on the migration potential of DPSC compared to BM-MSC in a neurodegenerative condition is warranted. Given the neural crest origin, we hypothesize that DPSC possess better migration towards neurodegenerative milieu as compared to BM-MSC. In this prospect, we investigated the migration potential of DPSC in an in vitro neurodegenerative condition. Towards this, transwell, Matrigel and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) migration assays were carried-out by seeding hippocampal neurons in the lower chamber and treated with 300 μM kainic acid (KA) for 6 h to induce neurodegeneration. Subsequently, the upper chamber of transwell was loaded with DPSC/BM-MSC and their migration potential was assessed following 24 h of incubation. Our results revealed that the migration potential of DPSC/BM-MSC was comparable in non-degenerative condition. However, following injury the migration potential of DPSC towards the degenerating site was significantly higher as compared to BM-MSC. Furthermore, upon exposure of naïve DPSC/BM-MSCs to culture medium derived from neurodegenerative milieu resulted in significant upregulation of homing factors like SDF-1alpha, CXCR-4, VCAM-1, VLA-4, CD44, MMP-2 suggesting that the superior migration potential of DPSC might be due to prompt expression of homing factors in DPSC compared to BM-MSCs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology*
  10. d-galactose and aluminium chloride induced rat model with cognitive impairments
    Chiroma SM, Mohd Moklas MA, Mat Taib CN, Baharuldin MTH, Amon Z
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Jul;103:1602-1608.
    PMID: 29864948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.152
    Cognitive impairments and cholinergic dysfunctions have been well reported in old age disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). d-galactose (D-gal) has been reported as a senescence agent while aluminium act as a neurotoxic metal, but little is known about their combined effects at different doses. The aim of this study was to establish an animal model with cognitive impairments by comparing the effects of different doses of co-administrated D-gal and aluminium chloride (AlCl3). In this study male albino wistar rats were administered with D-gal 60 mg/kg.bwt intra peritoneally (I.P) injected and AlCl3 (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg.bwt.) was orally administered once daily for 10 consecutive weeks. Performance of the rats were evaluated through behavioural assessments; Morris water maze (MWM) and open field tests (OFT); histopathological examination was performed on the hippocampus; moreover biochemical measurements of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) were examined. The results of this experiment on rats treated with D-gal 60 + AlCl3 200 mg/kg.bwt showed near ideal cognitive impairments. The rats exhibited an obvious memory and learning deficits, marked neuronal loss in hippocampus, showed increase in AChE activities and high expression of p-tau within the tissues of the brain. This study concludes that D-gal 60 + AlCl3 200 mg/kg.bwt as the ideal dose for mimicking AD like cognitive impairments in albino wistar rats. It is also crucial to understand the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease and for drug discovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  11. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Therapy Attenuates Neurotoxicity of Methanol-Induced Memory Impairment and Apoptosis in The Hippocampus
    Ghanbari A, Zibara K, Salari S, Ghareghani M, Rad P, Mohamed W, et al.
    CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2018;17(7):528-538.
    PMID: 29968547 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180703111643
    BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The adolescent brain has a higher vulnerability to alcoholinduced neurotoxicity, compared to adult's brain. Most studies have investigated the effect of ethanol consumption on the body, however, methanol consumption, which peaked in the last years, is still poorly explored.

    METHOD: In this study, we investigated the effects of methanol neurotoxicity on memory function and pathological outcomes in the hippocampus of adolescent rats and examined the efficacy of Light- Emitting Diode (LED) therapy. Methanol induced neurotoxic rats showed a significant decrease in the latency period, in comparison to controls, which was significantly improved in LED treated rats at 7, 14 and 28 days, indicating recovery of memory function. In addition, methanol neurotoxicity in hippocampus caused a significant increase in cell death (caspase3+ cells) and cell edema at 7 and 28 days, which were significantly decreased by LED therapy. Furthermore, the number of glial fibrillary acid protein astrocytes was significantly lower in methanol rats, compared to controls, whereas LED treatment caused their significant increase. Finally, methanol neurotoxicity caused a significant decrease in the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF+) cells, but also circulating serum BDNF, at 7 and 28 days, compared to controls, which were significantly increased by LED therapy. Importantly, LED significantly increased the number of Ki-67+ cells and BDNF levels in the serum and hypothalamus in control-LED rats, compared to controls without LED therapy.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, chronic methanol administration caused severe memory impairments and several pathological outcomes in the hippocampus of adolescent rats which were improved by LED therapy.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology*
  12. Neurorestorative effect of FTY720 in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: comparison with memantine
    Hemmati F, Dargahi L, Nasoohi S, Omidbakhsh R, Mohamed Z, Chik Z, et al.
    Behav Brain Res, 2013 Sep 1;252:415-21.
    PMID: 23777795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.016
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative brain disorder is the most common cause of dementia. To date, there is no causative treatment for AD and there are few preventive treatments either. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod) prevents lymphocytes from contributing to an autoimmune reaction and has been approved for multiple sclerosis treatment. In concert with other studies showing the anti-inflammatory and protective effect of FTY720 in some neurodegenerative disorders like ischemia, we have recently shown that FTY720 chronic administration prevents from impairment of spatial learning and memory in AD rats. Here FTY720 was examined on AD rats in comparison to the only clinically approved NMDA receptor antagonist, Memantine. Passive avoidance task showed significant memory restoration in AD animals received FTY720 comparable to Memantine. Upon gene profiling by QuantiGene Plex, this behavioral outcomes was concurrent with considerable alterations in some genes transcripts like that of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and some inflammatory markers that may particularly account for the detected decline in hippocampal neural damage or memory impairment associated with AD. From a therapeutic standpoint, our findings conclude that FTY720 may suggest new opportunities for AD management probably based on several modulatory effects on genes involved in cell death or survival.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
  13. Fulltext Embelin Improves the Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
    Bhuvanendran S, Bakar SNS, Kumari Y, Othman I, Shaikh MF, Hassan Z
    Sci Rep, 2019 10 10;9(1):14507.
    PMID: 31601902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50954-y
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second most occurring neurological disorder after stroke and is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, possibly contributing to cognitive impairment. In the present study, neuroprotective and anti-AD effects of embelin were evaluated in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rat model using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. Rats were administered with embelin at doses of 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg (i.p) on day 14 post-surgery and tested in Morris water maze (MWM) followed by electrophysiological recordings to access cognitive abilities and synaptic plasticity. The hippocampal brain regions were extracted for gene expression and neurotransmitters analysis. Treatment with embelin at the doses of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg significantly reversed the spatial memory impairment induced by CCH in rats. Embelin treatment has significantly protected synaptic plasticity impairment as assessed by hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) test. The mechanism of this study demonstrated that embelin treatment alleviated the decreased expression of BDNF, CREB1, APP, Mapt, SOD1 and NFκB mRNA levels caused by CCH rats. Furthermore, treatment with embelin demonstrated neuromodulatory activity by its ability to restore hippocampal neurotransmitters. Overall these data suggest that embelin improve memory and synaptic plasticity impairment in CCH rats and can be a potential drug candidate for neurodegenerative disease-related cognitive disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippocampus/pathology
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