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  1. Shamsudin N, Hussein SH, Nugroho H, Fadzil MH
    Australas J Dermatol, 2015 Nov;56(4):285-9.
    PMID: 25367709 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12247
    An objective tool to quantify treatment response in vitiligo is currently lacking. This study aimed to objectively evaluate the treatment response in vitiligo by using a computerised digital imaging analysis system (C-DIAS) and to compare it with the physician's global assessment (PGA). Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% (Protopic; Astellas Pharma Tech,Toyama, Japan) was applied twice daily on selected lesions which were photographed every 6 weeks for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy end-point was the mean percentage of repigmentation (MPR), as assessed by the digital method (MPR-C-DIAS) or by the PGA. The response was categorised into none (0%), mild (1-25%), moderate (26-50%), good (51-75%) and excellent (76-100%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypopigmentation
  2. Malek KA, Kamal WW
    Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(1):49-51.
    PMID: 29796212 MyJurnal
    An 8-year-old boy presents with asymptomatic hypopigmented patches on his bilateral cheeks which
    have been worsening for two weeks. The patches are oval in shape and have spared other parts of the
    body. There is no preceding erythematous rash. Similar lesions appeared two years ago which took
    several months to resolve. There are no recent triggers, such as personal care products. He has no history
    of atopy, but his mother has a recent history of atopic eczema. There is no known history of thyroid
    problems in the family. He was prescribed a topical cream from a general practitioner, but the patches
    persisted, and new patches appeared. He is otherwise well and actively participating in outdoor physical
    activities with frequent sun exposure. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypopigmentation
  3. Lee WQ, Leong KF
    Pediatr Dermatol, 2023;40(5):886-889.
    PMID: 36727435 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15266
    Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) is characterized by failure to thrive, severe chronic diarrhea, neonatal type 1 diabetes or thyroiditis, and eczematous dermatitis. We report a patient with infantile onset IPEX syndrome who developed vitiligo, alopecia, and chronic diarrhea. Awaiting stem cell transplant, he had multiple episodes of sepsis and succumbed at the age of 10 months. The constellation of symptoms is important to prompt clinicians to suspect this rare syndrome as early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only cure for IPEX patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypopigmentation*
  4. Kumar Dubey S, Pradhan R, Hejmady S, Singhvi G, Choudhury H, Gorain B, et al.
    Int J Pharm, 2021 May 01;600:120499.
    PMID: 33753164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120499
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative eye disease, is the major cause of irreversible loss of vision among individuals aged 50 and older. Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progressive damage to central vision. It is a multifactorial retinal disease with features such as drusen, hypopigmentation and/or hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and even choroidal neovascularization in certain patients. AMD is of two major forms: exudative (wet) and atrophic (dry) with changes affecting the macula leading to impaired vision. Although the retina remains an accessible portion for delivering drugs, there are no current options to cure or treat AMD. The existing expensive therapeutics are unable to treat the underlying pathology but display several side effects. However, recent innovations in nanotherapeutics provide an optimal alternative of drug delivery to treat the neovascular condition. These new-age technologies in the nanometer scale would enhance bioactivity and improve the bioavailability of drugs at the site of action to treat AMD. The nanomedicine also provides sustained release of the drug with prolonged retention after penetrating across the ocular tissues. In this review, the insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of AMD are provided. It also serves to review the current progress in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that offer feasible treatments in AMD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypopigmentation
  5. Yusuf SYM, Ismail IA, Hamid RA, Jamil NA, Yasin MM
    Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 2019 Jun 15;7(11):1815-1817.
    PMID: 31316665 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.481
    BACKGROUND: Leprosy or Hansen disease is a chronic infectious disease that causes social stigma due to its deforming bodily appearance and physical disability. It has a wide spectrum of presentation affecting diagnosis.

    CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old man who presented with chronic isolated bilateral pinna swelling as a result of leprosy is reported. The bilateral pinna swelling started as multiple shiny papules with an erythematous background and progressively became hyperpigmented and lobular over two years. This rare presentation of leprosy poses initial diagnostic difficulties, leading to misdiagnoses by various health care professionals. Diagnoses ascribed include eczema, insect bite and perichondritis. A suspicion of leprosy was raised when hyperaesthetic hypopigmentation of skin started to appear on the body after two years, with worsening of the pinna swellings. This was confirmed by identification of Mycobacterium leprae in slit skin smear test and skin biopsy.

    CONCLUSION: Isolated involvement of pinna in a patient without lesions in other body parts is an unusual initial presentation of leprosy. However, leprosy should be kept as a rare differential diagnosis of isolated lesions on the ear in patients not responding to conventional treatment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypopigmentation
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