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Effects of mitragynine from Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves on working memory

Apryani E, Hidayat MT, Moklas MA, Fakurazi S, Idayu NF

J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Jun 16;129(3):357-60.
PMID: 20371280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.036

AIM OF THE STUDY: Mitragyna speciosa Korth from Rubiaceae family is a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia particularly in Thailand, Peninsular of Malaysia and Indonesia. The leaves have been used by natives for their opium-like effect and cocaine-like stimulant ability to combat fatigue and enhance tolerance to hard work. However there is no scientific information about the effect of mitragynine on the cognitive performances. This study is designed to examine the working memory effects of mitragynine which is extracted from Mitragyna speciosa mature leaves.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cognitive effect was studied using object location task and the motor activity in open-field test. Mitragynine 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg and were administered by intraperitoneal (IP) for 28 consecutive days and evaluated on day 28 after the last dose treatment. Scopolamine was used as the control positive drug.
RESULTS: In this study there is prominent effects on horizontal locomotor activity was observed. Mitragynine significantly reduced locomotor activity in open-field test compared with vehicle. In object location task mitragynine (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) did not showed any significances discrimination between the object that had changed position than the object that had remain in a constant position.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that chronic administration of mitragynine can altered the cognitive behavioral function in mice.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects*
Fulltext Ginseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised Trial

Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ, Low CM, Muslima M, Aquili L

PLoS One, 2016;11(3):e0150447.
PMID: 26938637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150447

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest that ginseng and Ginkgo biloba can improve cognitive performance, however, very little is known about the mechanisms associated with such improvement. Here, we tested whether cardiovascular reactivity to a task is associated with cognitive improvement.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design, participants (N = 24) received two doses of Panax Ginseng (500, 1000 mg) or Ginkgo Biloba (120, 240 mg) (N = 24), and underwent a series of cognitive tests while systolic, diastolic, and heart rate readings were taken. Ginkgo Biloba improved aspects of executive functioning (Stroop and Berg tasks) in females but not in males. Ginseng had no effect on cognition. Ginkgo biloba in females reversed the initial (i.e. placebo) increase in cardiovascular reactivity (systolic and diastolic readings increased compared to baseline) to cognitive tasks. This effect (reversal) was most notable after those tasks (Stroop and Iowa) that elicited the greatest cardiovascular reactivity during placebo. In males, although ginkgo also decreased cardiovascular readings, it did so from an initial (placebo) blunted response (i.e. decrease or no change from baseline) to cognitive tasks. Ginseng, on the contrary, increased cardiovascular readings compared to placebo.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be a mechanism by which ginkgo but not ginseng, in females is associated with certain forms of cognitive improvement.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02386852.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
Improvement in immediate memory after 16 weeks of tualang honey (Agro Mas) supplement in healthy postmenopausal women

Othman Z, Shafin N, Zakaria R, Hussain NH, Mohammad WM

Menopause, 2011 Nov;18(11):1219-24.
PMID: 21926932 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821e2044

The aim of this study was to evaluate the verbal learning and memory performance of postmenopausal women who received tualang honey (Agro Mas) in comparison with women receiving estrogen plus progestin therapy and untreated controls.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects*
Docosahexaenoic acid-concentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Yusoff NA

Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2013 Feb;225(3):605-12.
PMID: 22932777 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2848-0

RATIONALE: Epidemiological studies have suggested a beneficial effect of fish oil supplementation in halting the initial progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear whether fish oil affects cognitive function in older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on cognitive function in elderly person with MCI.
METHODS: This was a 12-month, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using fish oil supplementation with concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thirty six low-socioeconomic-status elderly subjects with MCI were randomly assigned to receive either concentrated DHA fish oil (n = 18) or placebo (n = 18) capsules. The changes of memory, psychomotor speed, executive function and attention, and visual-constructive skills were assessed using cognitive tests. Secondary outcomes were safety and tolerability of the DHA concentrate.
RESULTS: The fish oil group showed significant improvement in short-term and working memory (F = 9.890; ηp (2) = 0.254; p

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
Prevalence and factors of verbal learning and memory dysfunction in patients with epilepsy - A single centre study

Subramaniam SR, Khoo CS, Raymond AA, Che Din N, Syed Zakaria SZ, Tan HJ

J Clin Neurosci, 2020 Mar;73:31-36.
PMID: 32094071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.02.003

The objective of this study is to determine prevalence and factors leading to verbal learning and memory dysfunction among patients with epilepsy. A total of 211 subjects were recruited. Their verbal memory was assessed by Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). This test was further subdivided into four major spheres for analysis, namely the verbal learning, interference list, immediate memory and delayed memory. All data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Among the 211 patients, 55% (n = 116) had focal seizures and the remaining 45% (n = 95) had generalized seizures. Prevalence of verbal learning and memory impairment was high at 39.97% overall, and found most commonly in patients with focal impaired awareness seizures. Verbal learning and immediate memory dysfunction were significantly lower in focal impaired awareness group compared to others. Age more than 50 years, exposure to three or more antiepileptic drugs and use of carbamazepine more than 1000 mg a day were the predictors in poor verbal memory outcome. No statistical difference was observed in the mean RAVLT scores among the gender and hand dominance groups. Between patients with and without electroencephalogram changes as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging changes, the mean RAVLT scores showed no statistically significant difference. Verbal learning and memory impairment is prevalent among the epilepsy patients. The consequences of the memory impairment can be as debilitating as the seizure control. RAVLT is a reliable and practical test in the clinical setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
Effects of a neurotensin analogue (PD149163) and antagonist (SR142948A) on the scopolamine-induced deficits in a novel object discrimination task

Azmi N, Norman C, Spicer CH, Bennett GW

Behav Pharmacol, 2006 Jun;17(4):357-62.
PMID: 16914954

Various lines of evidence suggest a role in cognition for the endogenous neuropeptide, neurotensin, involving an interaction with the central nervous system cholinergic pathways. A preliminary study has shown that central administration of neurotensin enhances spatial and nonspatial working memory in the presence of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist which induces memory deficits. Utilizing similar methods, the present study employed a two-trial novel object discrimination task to determine the acute effect of a neurotensin peptide analogue with improved metabolic stability, PD149163, on recognition memory in Lister hooded rats. Consistent with previous findings with neurotensin, animals receiving an intracerebroventricular injection of PD149163 (3 microg) significantly discriminated the novel from familiar object during the choice trial. In addition, a similar dose of PD149163 restored the scopolamine-induced deficit in novelty recognition. The restoration effect on scopolamine-induced amnesia produced by PD149163 was blocked by SR142948A, a nonselective neurotensin receptor antagonist, at a dose of 1 mg/kg (intraperitonial) but not at 0.1 mg/kg. In conclusion, the present results confirm a role for neurotensin in mediating memory processes, possibly via central cholinergic mechanisms.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
Protective effect of treatment with black cumin oil on spatial cognitive functions of rats that suffered global cerebrovascular hypoperfusion

Azzubaidi MS, Saxena AK, Talib NA, Ahmed QU, Dogarai BB

Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2012;72(2):154-65.
PMID: 22810217

The fixed oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L. (NSO), has shown considerable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its subsequent cognitive impairment in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are the principal culprits. Cerebrovascular hypoperfusion was experimentally achieved by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO) in rats. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess the effects of NSO on spatial cognitive function before and after 2VO intervention. Rats were divided into long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) groups, each was further subdivided into 3 subgroups: sham control, untreated 2VO and NSO treated 2VO group. All subgroups were tested with MWM at the tenth postoperative week. Working memory test results for both sham control and NSO treated groups showed significantly lower escape latency time and total distance travelled than untreated 2VO group. Similarly, LTM and STM MWM tests for sham control and NSO treated groups revealed significantly better maze test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. Sham control and NSO treated 2VO groups demonstrated superior probe memory test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. The fixed oil of Nigella sativa seeds has demonstrated noticeable spatial cognitive preservation in rats challenged with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion which indicates a promising prospective neuroprotective effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects