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Ultra-slow oscillations in cortical networks in vitro

Mok SY, Nadasdy Z, Lim YM, Goh SY

Neuroscience, 2012 Mar 29;206:17-24.
PMID: 22266346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.009

An ultra-slow oscillation (<0.01 Hz) in the network-wide activity of dissociated cortical networks is described in this article. This slow rhythm is characterized by the recurrence of clusters of large synchronized bursts of activity lasting approximately 1-3 min, separated by an almost equivalent interval of relatively smaller bursts. Such rhythmic activity was detected in cultures starting from the fourth week in vitro. Our analysis revealed that the propagation motifs of constituent bursts were strongly conserved across multiple oscillation cycles, and these motifs were more consistent at the electrode level compared with the neuronal level.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology*
A device to facilitate preparation of high-density neural cell cultures in MEAs

Mok SY, Lim YM, Goh SY

J Neurosci Methods, 2009 May 15;179(2):284-91.
PMID: 19428539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.009

A device to facilitate high-density seeding of dissociated neural cells on planar multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) is presented in this paper. The device comprises a metal cover with two concentric cylinders-the outer cylinder fits tightly on to the external diameter of a MEA to hold it in place and an inner cylinder holds a central glass tube for introducing a cell suspension over the electrode area of the MEA. An O-ring is placed at the bottom of the inner cylinder and the glass tube to provide a fluid-tight seal between the glass tube and the MEA electrode surface. The volume of cell suspension in the glass tube is varied according to the desired plating density. After plating, the device can be lifted from the MEA without leaving any residue on the contact surface. The device has enabled us to increase and control the plating density of neural cell suspension with low viability, and to prepare successful primary cultures from cryopreserved neurons and glia. The cultures of cryopreserved dissociated cortical neurons that we have grown in this manner remained spontaneously active over months, exhibited stable development and similar network characteristics as reported by other researchers.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/cytology; Nerve Net/physiology
Fulltext Analysis of Default Mode Network in Social Anxiety Disorder: EEG Resting-State Effective Connectivity Study

Al-Ezzi A, Kamel N, Faye I, Gunaseli E

Sensors (Basel), 2021 Jun 15;21(12).
PMID: 34203578 DOI: 10.3390/s21124098

Recent brain imaging findings by using different methods (e.g., fMRI and PET) have suggested that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is correlated with alterations in regional or network-level brain function. However, due to many limitations associated with these methods, such as poor temporal resolution and limited number of samples per second, neuroscientists could not quantify the fast dynamic connectivity of causal information networks in SAD. In this study, SAD-related changes in brain connections within the default mode network (DMN) were investigated using eight electroencephalographic (EEG) regions of interest. Partial directed coherence (PDC) was used to assess the causal influences of DMN regions on each other and indicate the changes in the DMN effective network related to SAD severity. The DMN is a large-scale brain network basically composed of the mesial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, and lateral parietal cortex (LPC). The EEG data were collected from 88 subjects (22 control, 22 mild, 22 moderate, 22 severe) and used to estimate the effective connectivity between DMN regions at different frequency bands: delta (1-3 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), low beta (13-21 Hz), and high beta (22-30 Hz). Among the healthy control (HC) and the three considered levels of severity of SAD, the results indicated a higher level of causal interactions for the mild and moderate SAD groups than for the severe and HC groups. Between the control and the severe SAD groups, the results indicated a higher level of causal connections for the control throughout all the DMN regions. We found significant increases in the mean PDC in the delta (p = 0.009) and alpha (p = 0.001) bands between the SAD groups. Among the DMN regions, the precuneus exhibited a higher level of causal influence than other regions. Therefore, it was suggested to be a major source hub that contributes to the mental exploration and emotional content of SAD. In contrast to the severe group, HC exhibited higher resting-state connectivity at the mPFC, providing evidence for mPFC dysfunction in the severe SAD group. Furthermore, the total Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) was positively correlated with the mean values of the PDC of the severe SAD group, r (22) = 0.576, p = 0.006 and negatively correlated with those of the HC group, r (22) = -0.689, p = 0.001. The reported results may facilitate greater comprehension of the underlying potential SAD neural biomarkers and can be used to characterize possible targets for further medication.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net
Fulltext Comparative study on interaction of form and motion processing streams by applying two different classifiers in mechanism for recognition of biological movement

Yousefi B, Loo CK

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:723213.
PMID: 25276860 DOI: 10.1155/2014/723213

Research on psychophysics, neurophysiology, and functional imaging shows particular representation of biological movements which contains two pathways. The visual perception of biological movements formed through the visual system called dorsal and ventral processing streams. Ventral processing stream is associated with the form information extraction; on the other hand, dorsal processing stream provides motion information. Active basic model (ABM) as hierarchical representation of the human object had revealed novelty in form pathway due to applying Gabor based supervised object recognition method. It creates more biological plausibility along with similarity with original model. Fuzzy inference system is used for motion pattern information in motion pathway creating more robustness in recognition process. Besides, interaction of these paths is intriguing and many studies in various fields considered it. Here, the interaction of the pathways to get more appropriated results has been investigated. Extreme learning machine (ELM) has been implied for classification unit of this model, due to having the main properties of artificial neural networks, but crosses from the difficulty of training time substantially diminished in it. Here, there will be a comparison between two different configurations, interactions using synergetic neural network and ELM, in terms of accuracy and compatibility.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology
Optimization of MFCC parameters using Particle Swarm Optimization for diagnosis of infant hypothyroidism using Multi- Layer Perceptron

Zabidi A, Lee YK, Mansor W, Yassin IM, Sahak R

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2010;2010:1417-20.
PMID: 21096346 DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626712

This paper presents a new application of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) parameters, in order to extract an optimal feature set for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in infants using Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) neural network. MFCC features is influenced by the number of filter banks (f(b)) and the number of coefficients (n(c)) used. These parameters are critical in representation of the features as they affect the resolution and dimensionality of the features. In this paper, the PSO algorithm was used to optimize the values of f(b) and n(c). The MFCC features based on the PSO optimization were extracted from healthy and unhealthy infant cry signals and used to train MLP in the classification of hypothyroid infant cries. The results indicate that the PSO algorithm could determine the optimum combination of f(b) and n(c) that produce the best classification accuracy of the MLP.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net*
Assessment of computerized analysis algorithms for one dimension physiologic data with multiple databases

Lee YK, Bister M, Salleh YM, Blanchfield P

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2008;2008:5004-7.
PMID: 19163841 DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650338

Software technology enables computerized analysis to offer second opinion in various screening and diagnostic tasks to assist the clinicians. Yet, the performance of these computerized methods for medical images is questioned by experts in CAD research, owing to the use of different databases and criteria for evaluating the computer results for comparison. This paper intends to substantiate this statement by illustrating the effects of such issues with the use of 1D physiologic data and multiple databases. For this purpose, the detection of desaturation events in Sp02 and spike events in EEG are used. This is the first time that comparison between different algorithms on a common basis is carried out on an individual effort. The appraisal for all the algorithms is made on the same databases and criteria. It is surprising to find that issues for 2/3D images concur with those found in 1D data here. In evaluating the accuracy of a new algorithm, a single independent database gives results fast. This paper reveals weaknesses of such an approach. It is hoped that the supportive evidence shown here is enough for researchers to innovate a better platform for credibility in reporting performance comparison of computerized analysis algorithms.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology*
Electroencephalographic Motor Imagery Brain Connectivity Analysis for BCI: A Review

Hamedi M, Salleh ShH, Noor AM

Neural Comput, 2016 06;28(6):999-1041.
PMID: 27137671 DOI: 10.1162/NECO_a_00838

Recent research has reached a consensus on the feasibility of motor imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) for different applications, especially in stroke rehabilitation. Most MI-BCI systems rely on temporal, spectral, and spatial features of single channels to distinguish different MI patterns. However, no successful communication has been established for a completely locked-in subject. To provide more useful and informative features, it has been recommended to take into account the relationships among electroencephalographic (EEG) sensor/source signals in the form of brain connectivity as an efficient tool of neuroscience. In this review, we briefly report the challenges and limitations of conventional MI-BCIs. Brain connectivity analysis, particularly functional and effective, has been described as one of the most promising approaches for improving MI-BCI performance. An extensive literature on EEG-based MI brain connectivity analysis of healthy subjects is reviewed. We subsequently discuss the brain connectomes during left and right hand, feet, and tongue MI movements. Moreover, key components involved in brain connectivity analysis that considerably affect the results are explained. Finally, possible technical shortcomings that may have influenced the results in previous research are addressed and suggestions are provided.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology*
Fulltext Mathematical modeling of subthreshold resonant properties in pyloric dilator neurons

Vazifehkhah Ghaffari B, Kouhnavard M, Aihara T, Kitajima T

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:135787.
PMID: 25960999 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135787

Various types of neurons exhibit subthreshold resonance oscillation (preferred frequency response) to fluctuating sinusoidal input currents. This phenomenon is well known to influence the synaptic plasticity and frequency of neural network oscillation. This study evaluates the resonant properties of pacemaker pyloric dilator (PD) neurons in the central pattern generator network through mathematical modeling. From the pharmacological point of view, calcium currents cannot be blocked in PD neurons without removing the calcium-dependent potassium current. Thus, the effects of calcium (I(Ca)) and calcium-dependent potassium (I(KCa)) currents on resonant properties remain unclear. By taking advantage of Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of neuron and its equivalent RLC circuit, we examine the effects of changing resting membrane potential and those ionic currents on the resonance. Results show that changing the resting membrane potential influences the amplitude and frequency of resonance so that the strength of resonance (Q-value) increases by both depolarization and hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Moreover, hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I(h)) and I(Ca) (in association with I(KCa)) are dominant factors on resonant properties at hyperpolarized and depolarized potentials, respectively. Through mathematical analysis, results indicate that I h and I(KCa) affect the resonant properties of PD neurons. However, I(Ca) only has an amplifying effect on the resonance amplitude of these neurons.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net*
Fulltext APOE, TOMM40, and sex interactions on neural network connectivity

Li T, Pappas C, Le ST, Wang Q, Klinedinst BS, Larsen BA, et al.

Neurobiol Aging, 2022 Jan;109:158-165.
PMID: 34740077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.020

The Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) haplotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane-40 (TOMM40) gene maintains cellular bioenergetics, which is disrupted in AD. TOMM40 rs2075650 ('650) G versus A carriage is consistently related to neural and cognitive outcomes, but it is unclear if and how it interacts with APOE. We examined 21 orthogonal neural networks among 8,222 middle-aged to aged participants in the UK Biobank cohort. ANOVA and multiple linear regression tested main effects and interactions with APOE and TOMM40 '650 genotypes, and if age and sex acted as moderators. APOE ε4 was associated with less strength in multiple networks, while '650 G versus A carriage was related to more language comprehension network strength. In APOE ε4 carriers, '650 G-carriage led to less network strength with increasing age, while in non-G-carriers this was only seen in women but not men. TOMM40 may shift what happens to network activity in aging APOE ε4 carriers depending on sex.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology*
Fulltext Emotion brain network topology in healthy subjects following passive listening to different auditory stimuli

Mohd Rashid MH, Ab Rani NS, Kannan M, Abdullah MW, Ab Ghani MA, Kamel N, et al.

PeerJ, 2024;12:e17721.
PMID: 39040935 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17721

A large body of research establishes the efficacy of musical intervention in many aspects of physical, cognitive, communication, social, and emotional rehabilitation. However, the underlying neural mechanisms for musical therapy remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the potential neural correlates of musical therapy, focusing on the changes in the topology of emotion brain network. To this end, a Bayesian statistical approach and a cross-over experimental design were employed together with two resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) as controls. MEG recordings of 30 healthy subjects were acquired while listening to five auditory stimuli in random order. Two resting-state MEG recordings of each subject were obtained, one prior to the first stimulus (pre) and one after the final stimulus (post). Time series at the level of brain regions were estimated using depth-weighted minimum norm estimation (wMNE) source reconstruction method and the functional connectivity between these regions were computed. The resultant connectivity matrices were used to derive two topological network measures: transitivity and global efficiency which are important in gauging the functional segregation and integration of brain network respectively. The differences in these measures between pre- and post-stimuli resting MEG were set as the equivalence regions. We found that the network measures under all auditory stimuli were equivalent to the resting state network measures in all frequency bands, indicating that the topology of the functional brain network associated with emotional regulation in healthy subjects remains unchanged following these auditory stimuli. This suggests that changes in the emotion network topology may not be the underlying neural mechanism of musical therapy. Nonetheless, further studies are required to explore the neural mechanisms of musical interventions especially in the populations with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology
Analytical solution of reaction-diffusion equations for calcium wave propagation in a starburst amacrine cell

Poznanski RR

J Integr Neurosci, 2010 Sep;9(3):283-97.
PMID: 21064219

A reaction-diffusion model is presented to encapsulate calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) as a potential mechanism for somatofugal bias of dendritic calcium movement in starburst amacrine cells. Calcium dynamics involves a simple calcium extrusion (pump) and a buffering mechanism of calcium binding proteins homogeneously distributed over the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum within starburst amacrine cells. The system of reaction-diffusion equations in the excess buffer (or low calcium concentration) approximation are reformulated as a nonlinear Volterra integral equation which is solved analytically via a regular perturbation series expansion in response to calcium feedback from a continuously and uniformly distributed calcium sources. Calculation of luminal calcium diffusion in the absence of buffering enables a wave to travel at distances of 120 μm from the soma to distal tips of a starburst amacrine cell dendrite in 100 msec, yet in the presence of discretely distributed calcium-binding proteins it is unknown whether the propagating calcium wave-front in the somatofugal direction is further impeded by endogenous buffers. If so, this would indicate CICR to be an unlikely mechanism of retinal direction selectivity in starburst amacrine cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/drug effects; Nerve Net/physiology
Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies

Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Sharip S

Behav Brain Res, 2021 01 15;397:112888.
PMID: 32882284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888

This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/growth & development; Nerve Net/physiopathology*
Automated pterygium detection method of anterior segment photographed images

Wan Zaki WMD, Mat Daud M, Abdani SR, Hussain A, Mutalib HA

Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2018 Feb;154:71-78.
PMID: 29249348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.10.026

BACKGROUND AND BJECTIVE: Pterygium is an ocular disease caused by fibrovascular tissue encroachment onto the corneal region. The tissue may cause vision blurring if it grows into the pupil region. In this study, we propose an automatic detection method to differentiate pterygium from non-pterygium (normal) cases on the basis of frontal eye photographed images, also known as anterior segment photographed images.
METHODS: The pterygium screening system was tested on two normal eye databases (UBIRIS and MILES) and two pterygium databases (Australia Pterygium and Brazil Pterygium). This system comprises four modules: (i) a preprocessing module to enhance the pterygium tissue using HSV-Sigmoid; (ii) a segmentation module to differentiate the corneal region and the pterygium tissue; (iii) a feature extraction module to extract corneal features using circularity ratio, Haralick's circularity, eccentricity, and solidity; and (iv) a classification module to identify the presence or absence of pterygium. System performance was evaluated using support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network.
RESULTS: The three-step frame differencing technique was introduced in the corneal segmentation module. The output image successfully covered the region of interest with an average accuracy of 0.9127. The performance of the proposed system using SVM provided the most promising results of 88.7%, 88.3%, and 95.6% for sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, respectively.
CONCLUSION: A basic platform for computer-aided pterygium screening was successfully developed using the proposed modules. The proposed system can classify pterygium and non-pterygium cases reasonably well. In our future work, a standard grading system will be developed to identify the severity of pterygium cases. This system is expected to increase the awareness of communities in rural areas on pterygium.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net
EEG based brain source localization comparison of sLORETA and eLORETA

Jatoi MA, Kamel N, Malik AS, Faye I

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2014 Dec;37(4):713-21.
PMID: 25359588 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-014-0308-3

Human brain generates electromagnetic signals during certain activation inside the brain. The localization of the active sources which are responsible for such activation is termed as brain source localization. This process of source estimation with the help of EEG which is also known as EEG inverse problem is helpful to understand physiological, pathological, mental, functional abnormalities and cognitive behaviour of the brain. This understanding leads for the specification for diagnoses of various brain disorders such as epilepsy and tumour. Different approaches are devised to exactly localize the active sources with minimum localization error, less complexity and more validation which include minimum norm, low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA), standardized LORETA, exact LORETA, Multiple Signal classifier, focal under determined system solution etc. This paper discusses and compares the ability of localizing the sources for two low resolution methods i.e., sLORETA and eLORETA respectively. The ERP data with visual stimulus is used for comparison at four different time instants for both methods (sLORETA and eLORETA) and then corresponding activation in terms of scalp map, slice view and cortex map is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology*
Cellular inhibitory behavior underlying the formation of retinal direction selectivity in the starburst network

Poznanski RR

J Integr Neurosci, 2010 Sep;9(3):299-335.
PMID: 21064220

Optical imaging of dendritic calcium signals provided evidence of starburst amacrine cells exhibiting calcium bias to somatofugal motion. In contrast, it has been impractical to use a dual-patch clamp technique to record membrane potentials from both proximal dendrites and distal varicosities of starburst amacrine cells in order to unequivocally prove that they are directionally sensitive to voltage, as was first suggested almost two decades ago. This paper aims to extend the passive cable model to an active cable model of a starburst amacrine cell that is intrinsically dependent on the electrical properties of starburst amacrine cells, whose various macroscopic currents are described quantitatively. The coupling between voltage and calcium just below the membrane results in a voltage-calcium system of coupled nonlinear Volterra integral equations whose solutions must be integrated into a prescribed model for example, for a synaptic couplet of starburst amacrine cells. Networks of starburst amacrine cells play a fundamental role in the retinal circuitry underlying directional selectivity. It is suggested that the dendritic plexus of starburst amacrine cells provides the substrate for the property of directional selectivity, while directional selectivity is a property of the exclusive layerings and confinement of their interconnections within the sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer involving cone bipolar cells and directionally selective ganglion cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology
The role of neuron-glia interactions in the emergence of ultra-slow oscillations

Chan SC, Mok SY, Ng DW, Goh SY

Biol Cybern, 2017 Dec;111(5-6):459-472.
PMID: 29128889 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-017-0740-z

Ultra-slow cortical oscillatory activity of 1-100 mHz has been recorded in human by electroencephalography and in dissociated cultures of cortical rat neurons, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study presents a computational model of ultra-slow oscillatory activity based on the interaction between neurons and astrocytes. We predict that the frequency of these oscillations closely depends on activation of astrocytes in the network, which is reflected by oscillations of their intracellular calcium concentrations with periods between tens of seconds and minutes. An increase of intracellular calcium in astrocytes triggers the release of adenosine triphosphate from these cells which may alter transmission at nearby synapses by increasing or decreasing neurotransmitter release. These results provide theoretical support for the emerging awareness of astrocytes as active players in the regulation of neural activity and identify neuron-astrocyte interactions as a potential primary mechanism for the emergence of ultra-slow cortical oscillations.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/physiology
Fulltext Changes in white matter fiber density and morphology across the adult lifespan: A cross-sectional fixel-based analysis

Choy SW, Bagarinao E, Watanabe H, Ho ETW, Maesawa S, Mori D, et al.

Hum Brain Mapp, 2020 08 15;41(12):3198-3211.
PMID: 32304267 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25008

White matter (WM) fiber bundles change dynamically with age. These changes could be driven by alterations in axonal diameter, axonal density, and myelin content. In this study, we applied a novel fixel-based analysis (FBA) framework to examine these changes throughout the adult lifespan. Using diffusion-weighted images from a cohort of 293 healthy volunteers (89 males/204 females) from ages 21 to 86 years old, we performed FBA to analyze age-related changes in microscopic fiber density (FD) and macroscopic fiber morphology (fiber cross section [FC]). Our results showed significant and widespread age-related alterations in FD and FC across the whole brain. Interestingly, some fiber bundles such as the anterior thalamic radiation, corpus callosum, and superior longitudinal fasciculus only showed significant negative relationship with age in FD values, but not in FC. On the other hand, some segments of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway only showed significant negative relationship with age in FC, but not in FD. Analysis at the tract-level also showed that major fiber tract groups predominantly distributed in the frontal lobe (cingulum, forceps minor) exhibited greater vulnerability to the aging process than the others. Differences in FC and the combined measure of FD and cross section values observed between sexes were mostly driven by differences in brain sizes although male participants tended to exhibit steeper negative linear relationship with age in FD as compared to female participants. Overall, these findings provide further insights into the structural changes the brain's WM undergoes due to the aging process.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net
Fulltext Neuronal connectivity between habenular glutamate-kisspeptin1 co-expressing neurons and the raphe 5-HT system

Nathan FM, Ogawa S, Parhar IS

J Neurochem, 2015 Nov;135(4):814-29.
PMID: 26250886 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13273

The habenula, located on the dorsal thalamic surface, is an emotional and reward processing center. As in the mammalian brain, the zebrafish habenula is divided into dorsal (dHb) and ventral (vHb) subdivisions that project to the interpeduncular nucleus and median raphe (MR) respectively. Previously, we have shown that kisspeptin 1 (Kiss1) expressing in the vHb, regulates the serotonin (5-HT) system in the MR. However, the connectivity between the Kiss1 neurons and the 5-HT system remains unknown. To resolve this issue, we generated a specific antibody against zebrafish Kiss1 receptor (Kiss-R1); using this primary antibody we found intense immunohistochemical labeling in the ventro-anterior corner of the MR (vaMR) but not in 5-HT neurons, suggesting the potential involvement of interneurons in 5-HT modulation by Kiss1. Double-fluorescence labeling showed that the majority of habenular Kiss1 neurons are glutamatergic. In the MR region, Kiss1 fibers were mainly seen in close association with glutamatergic neurons and only scarcely within GABAergic and 5-HT neurons. Our findings indicate that the habenular Kiss1 neurons potentially modulate the 5-HT system primarily through glutamatergic neurotransmission via as yet uncharacterized interneurons. The neuropeptide kisspeptin (Kiss1) play a key role in vertebrate reproduction. We have previously shown modulatory role of habenular Kiss1 in the raphe serotonin (5-HT) systems. This study proposed that the habenular Kiss1 neurons modulate the 5-HT system primarily through glutamatergic neurotransmission, which provides an important insight for understanding of the modulation of 5-HT system by the habenula-raphe pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Nerve Net/metabolism

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