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Fulltext Injury Incidence, Patterns, and Risk Factors in Functional Training Athletes in an Asian Population

Cheng TTJ, Mansor A, Lim YZ, Hossain Parash MT

Orthop J Sports Med, 2020 Oct;8(10):2325967120957412.
PMID: 33195710 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120957412

Background: Functional training, also known as CrossFit, is a unique sport that combines weightlifting, gymnastics, and metabolic conditioning into a single program. There are an estimated 50 functional training centers in Malaysia.
Purpose: To analyze the injury rates, patterns, and risk factors of functional training/CrossFit.
Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.
Methods: Electronic questionnaires were distributed to 244 participants from 15 centers in the country. Descriptive data regarding the athletes, injury occurrence within the past 6 months, injury details, and risk factors were collected.
Results: Of the 244 athletes, 112 (46%) developed at least 1 new injury over the previous 6 months. Injury rates were significantly higher in athletes from nonaffiliate training gyms compared with CrossFit-affiliated gyms, in athletes with previous injuries, and in those who perceived themselves as having more than average fitness.
Conclusion: Coaches and athletes need to be more aware of risk factors for injury to enable safer and better training strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting
Fulltext Contribution of joint angle specificity and movement specificity in gains seen in training weights lifted

Ahmad Naim Ismail

Movement Health & Exercise, 2012;1(1):39-48.
MyJurnal

The increase in weight-lifting performance after resistance training is greater than the increase seen in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC). This discrepancy has been attributed to learning and coordination. The purpose of the present study was to look into the contribution of joint angle specificity, and the specificity of the movement at various speeds in explaining the disproportionate increase in weightlifting strength compared to isometric strength. Eighteen participants completed the study. The quadriceps muscle group of each individual was trained unilaterally on a leg extension machine. Participants performed four sets of ten lifts at a steady pace. A load of 80% of the maximum load (1RM) was prescribed. The MVC of the quadriceps was measured on a strength-testing chair. The length-tension relationship was measured isometrically at 600, 750, 900, and 1050 of knee flexion. Measurement of isokinetic strength at velocities of 450/s, 1800/s and 300/s were made. All measurements were made before and after the training. The eight weeks training resulted in a 33% increased in weights lifted (p < 0.05) that was significantly greater than the gain in isometric MVC (6%). Significant gains in isometric strength were seen at all the joint angle but with no evidence of length specificity. Although there were significant gains in strength at higher velocities, they were not sufficient to explain the increased weight-lifting performance and, in any case, similar gains were seen with the untrained leg where no improvement in weight-lifting
performance was seen. From the findings it is concluded that angle and velocity specificity could not fully account for the discrepancy between gains in weight-lifting performance compared to isometric strength.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting
Fulltext The effects of anxiety among Selangor weightlifters on performance at the national weightlifting competition

Ahmad Fazlan Ghazalli, Mahamad Yusof Abdul Rani, Nelfianty Mohd

Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2017;6(1):45-52.
MyJurnal

The purpose of this study examines the effect of Selangor weightlifters concerns over the performance of the National Weightlifting Championship in Johor Bahru 2015. The sample is Selangor weightlifting athletes aged 13 to 15 years who participated in the national weightlifting championship in Johor Bahru. Data were collected through questionnaires Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) to measure the level of anxiety (cognitive, somatic, self-confidence). The mean value analysis, the percentage used to determine the level of concern for athletes. Correlation tests were used to examine the association between the phases of concern with the performance of athletes during the competition. The results showed the level of anxiety (cognitive, somatic and self-confidence) athletes a day before the tournament is at a moderate level. Other while, cognitive anxiety level significantly correlated with performance or achievement during the tournament. Therefore, the coaches and athletes must continue to concentrate on the concerns of cognitive intentions to achieve excellent performance in a weightlifting tournament in the future. Researchers suggest the management should seek the help of a sports psychologist to provide psychological training for athletes particularly to address the concerns of cognitive as well as physical exercise by periods of sustained exercise.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting
Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters

Shariat A, Kargarfard M, Danaee M, Bahri Mohd Tamrin S

J Strength Cond Res, 2015 Jan;29(1):151-8.
PMID: 25051005 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000632

Strength and morphological adaptations to resistance exercise are mediated in part by anabolic hormones such as testosterone, yet the time course of variability in circadian hormone concentrations is not well characterized. This study, investigated how the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone is altered by resistance exercise in young men. Twenty healthy young male recreational lifters (age, 18.0 ± 1.3 years) with 2 years of experience in weightlifting were recruited. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, and subjects were randomly assigned to either the resistance exercise group (n = 10), who completed a series of resistance exercise (3 times a week, in the afternoon, 6-7 repetitions, at 85% of 1 repetition maximum for 3 weeks), or a control group (n = 10), who did not exercise during the 3 weeks. Before and after the study, an unstimulated saliva sample (2 ml) was taken every 2 hours for a maximum of 16 hours during each day. A significant decrease was observed in the resistance exercise (44.2%, p = 0.001) and control group (46.1%, p = 0.001) for salivary testosterone at each time point compared with baseline (p = 0.001). There was also no significant difference between the exercise and resting conditions in both groups for salivary testosterone (p > 0.05), except a significantly higher increase by 38.4% vs. -0.02% (p = 0.001), at 1730 hours during exercise sessions in the resistance exercise group compared with the control group. Resistance exercise has no noteworthy effect on circadian secretion of salivary testosterone throughout the 16 waking hours. These results indicate that athletes can undertake resistance exercise in either the morning or afternoon with the knowledge that a similar testosterone response can be expected regardless of the time of day.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting/physiology*
Fulltext Comparison between two methods of variable resistance training on body composition, muscular strength and functional capacity among untrained males

Amir Bahram Kashiani, Kim, Geok Soh, Kim, Lam Soh, Swee, Leong Ong, Kittichottipanich, Boonsrin

Movement Health & Exercise, 2020;9(1):45-66.
MyJurnal

Several studies have shown a positive association between variable resistance training (VRT) and improvements in muscular performance. However, the effects of VRT on body composition among untrained individuals remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the comparison between of methods of VRT on body composition, muscular strength and functional capacity among untrained male adults. Fifty healthy untrained males (age: 21.5 ± 1.95 years) were selected randomly and assigned into three groups: combined weight and chain (WC), combined weight and elastic band (WE), and free-weight (CG). All three groups completed 12 weeks of high intensity resistance training (70-80% of one-repetition maximum) with three sets of 8-12 repetitions two times per week. Approximately 65% of the whole resistance was provided by free-weights, while the other 35% of the resistance was provided by chains and elastic bands for the WC and WE groups, respectively. Dependent variables including body composition, muscular strength and functional capacity using bioelectrical impedance analyzer, one-repetition maximum and maximum repetitions to muscular fatigue were measured, respectively in pre-test, post-test 1 (week 6) and post-test 2. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. No differences existed among all groups at baseline for depended variables. A mixed model ANOVA with repeated measurements analysis revealed that although there were not significant differences in body composition among the groups (P > 0.05), all groups showed a significant reduction in fat mass and significant increase in fat-free mass during and after the intervention (P = 0.0001), and these differences were insignificantly greater in WE and WC groups compared with CG group. Furthermore, all three groups showed significant improvements in muscular strength and functional capacity during and after intervention (P = 0.0001), and muscular strength and functional capacity were greater in WE and WC groups compared with the CG group, but there were not significant differences in muscular strength and functional capacity between WE and WC groups. However, the WE group showed insignificantly more improvement in muscular strength and functional capacity compared with the WC group during and after the intervention. The results of this study show that VRT has a slightly better effect than free-weight to improve body composition during and after 12 weeks intervention. Also, WE training had a slightly better effect than WC training in improving muscular strength and functional capacity during and after 12 weeks of VRT among untrained male adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting
Fulltext Physical activity and low back pain among automotive industry workers in Selangor

Noor Sazarina Mad Isa @ Yahya, Baba Md Deros, Mazrura Sahani, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2014;14(2):34-44.
MyJurnal

Substantial studies reported musculoskeletal disorders among the working population in the developed country, however, a limited number of studies were conducted in Malaysia. The objective of this cross sectional study was to determine the physical activity risk factors for low back pain among automotive workers in Selangor. Modified Risk Factors Questionnaire (RFQ) was used to assess physical activity with the occurrence of low back pain. The significant physical activities associated with the 12 months point prevalence are lifting weight (

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting
Physiological characteristics of elite and sub-elite badminton players

Ooi CH, Tan A, Ahmad A, Kwong KW, Sompong R, Ghazali KA, et al.

J Sports Sci, 2009 Dec;27(14):1591-9.
PMID: 19967588 DOI: 10.1080/02640410903352907

The aims of this study were to establish the physical and physiological attributes of elite and sub-elite Malaysian male badminton players and to determine whether these attributes discriminate elite players from sub-elite players. Measurements and tests of basic anthropometry, explosive power, anaerobic recovery capacity, badminton-specific movement agility, maximum strength, and aerobic capacity were conducted on two occasions, separated by at least one day. The elite (n = 12) and sub-elite (n = 12) players' characteristics were, respectively: mean age 24.6 years (s = 3.7) and 20.5 years (s = 0.7); mass 73.2 kg (s = 7.6) and 62.7 kg (s = 4.2); stature 1.76 m (s = 0.07) and 1.71 m (s = 0.05); body fat 12.5% (s = 4.8) and 9.5% (s = 3.4); estimated VO(2max) 56.9 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1) (s = 3.7) and 59.5 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1) (s = 5.2). The elite players had greater maximum absolute strength in one-repetition maximum bench press (P = 0.015) compared with the sub-elite players. There were significant differences in instantaneous lower body power estimated from vertical jump height between the elite and sub-elite groups (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between groups in shuttle run tests and on-court badminton-specific movement agility tests. Our results show that elite Malaysian male badminton players are taller, heavier, and stronger than their sub-elite counterparts. The test battery, however, did not allow us to discriminate between the elite and sub-elite players, suggesting that at the elite level tactical knowledge, technical skills, and psychological readiness could be of greater importance.

Matched MeSH terms: Weight Lifting