The quinoline ring system of the title salt, C11H12NO(+)·HSO4(-), is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.054 (2) Å for all non H atoms. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and are stacked respectively in columns along the a axis. π-π stacking inter-actions, with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5473 (12) and 3.6926 (12) Å, are also observed. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with refined components of 0.43 (7):0.57 (7).
In the title hydrated salt, C11H12NO(+)·Cl(-)·2H2O, the quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.005 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. In the crystal, the three components are linked by O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer structure parallel to the ac plane. The crystal structure is further stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions, with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5213 (6) and 3.7176 (6) Å.
In the title mol-ecular salt, C5H8N3(+)·C3H3O4(-), the cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.005 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. In the anion, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the cations and anions are connected via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a weak C-H⋯O inter-action, forming layers parallel to the ab plane.
The 4-methyl-benzoate anion of the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C8H7O2(-), is nearly planar, with a dihedral angle of 6.26 (10)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R2(2)(8) ring motif, forming an approximately planar ion pair with a dihedral angle of 9.63 (4)° between the pyridinium and benzene rings. The ion pairs are further connected via N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane.
In the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C7H4ClO2(-), the 3-chloro-benzoate anion shows a whole-mol-ecule disorder over two positions with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.505 (4):0.495 (4). In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 aggregate with R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) ring motifs. The crystal structure also features a π-π stacking inter-action between the pyridinium rings with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.8339 (9) Å.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C10H11N2(+)·2C3H3O4(-)·C3H4O4, consists of one 5-amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium cation, one hydrogen malonate (2-carb-oxy-acetate) anion and one-half mol-ecule of malonic acid which lies on a twofold rotation axis. The quinoline ring system is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.062 (2) Å for all non-H atoms. In the anion, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the components are linked via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to the ac plane. The crystal structure also features weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a π-π stacking inter-action with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.8189 (10) Å.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C2H6N5(+)·C4O4(2-), contains two 3,5-diamino-4H-1,2,4-triazolium cations and one squarate dianion. The squaric acid mol-ecule donated one H atom to each of the two 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole mol-ecules at their N atoms. The squaric acid dianion has four C-O bonds which are shorter than a normal single C-O bond (1.426 Å) and are slightly longer than a normal C=O bond (1.23 Å), which indicates the degree of electron delocalization in the dianion. In the crystal, the cations and dianions are linked by N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C9H11N3O2, contains two mol-ecules (A and B), which exist in Z conformations with respect to their C=N double bond. The dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the pendant hy-droxy-carbamimidoyl and acetamide groups are 28.58 (7) and 1.30 (5)°, respectively, in mol-ecule A and 25.04 (7) and 27.85 (9)°, respectively, in mol-ecule B. An intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring in both mol-ecules. Mol-ecule A also features an intra-molecular C-H⋯O inter-action, which closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions, generating a three-dimensional network.
In the title salt, C14H17N2(+)·Cl(-), the central N atom is pyramidal (sum of bond angles = 330.9°) and there is a near orthogonal relationship between the benzene rings [dihedral angle = 89.95 (10)°]. The crystal packing features N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, which lead to a supra-molecular undulating ribbon along the a axis comprising edge-shared eight-membered {⋯HNH⋯Cl}2 synthons. The chains are connected into layers in the ab plane by C-H⋯π inter-actions.
In the title benzoyl-hydrazide derivative, C17H18N2O, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 88.45 (8)° and the azomethine double bond adopts an E conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along the b axis.
Tualang honey (TH) is rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and has significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cells comparable to the effect of tamoxifen (TAM), in vitro. The current study evaluated the effects of TH when used in combination with TAM on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. We observed that TH promoted the anticancer activity of TAM in both the estrogen receptor-(ER-)responsive and ER-nonresponsive human breast cancer cell lines. Flow cytometric analyses indicated accelerated apoptosis especially in MDA-MB-231 cells and with the involvement of caspase-3/7, -8 and -9 activation as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was also increased in both cell lines when TH was used in combination with TAM compared to TAM treatment alone. TH may therefore be a potential adjuvant to be used with TAM for reducing the dose of TAM, hence, reducing TAM-induced adverse effects.
Interval-censored data consist of adjacent inspection times that surround an unknown failure time. We have in this paper reviewed the classical approach which is maximum likelihood in estimating the Weibull parameters with interval-censored data. We have also considered the Bayesian approach in estimating the Weibull parameters with interval-censored data under three loss functions. This study became necessary because of the limited discussion in the literature, if at all, with regard to estimating the Weibull parameters with interval-censored data using Bayesian. A simulation study is carried out to compare the performances of the methods. A real data application is also illustrated. It has been observed from the study that the Bayesian estimator is preferred to the classical maximum likelihood estimator for both the scale and shape parameters.
MeSH terms: Algorithms; Bayes Theorem*; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy; Breast Neoplasms/mortality*; Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy; Computer Simulation; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Humans; Probability; Retrospective Studies; Models, Statistical; Likelihood Functions; Survival Analysis*
The escalating incidence of diabetic mellitus has given rise to the increasing problems of chronic diabetic ulcers that confront the practice of medicine. Peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, and infection contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of diabetic ulcers. Approaches to the management of diabetic ulcers should start with an assessment and optimization of the patient's general conditions, followed by considerations of the local and regional factors. This paper aims to address the management strategies for wound bed preparation in chronic diabetic foot ulcers and also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and future directions. The "TIME" framework in wound bed preparation encompasses tissue management, inflammation and infection control, moisture balance, and epithelial (edge) advancement. Tissue management aims to remove the necrotic tissue burden via various methods of debridement. Infection and inflammation control restores bacterial balance with the reduction of bacterial biofilms. Achieving a moist wound healing environment without excessive wound moisture or dryness will result in moisture balance. Epithelial advancement is promoted via removing the physical and biochemical barriers for migration of epithelium from wound edges. These systematic and holistic approaches will potentiate the healing abilities of the chronic diabetic ulcers, including those that are recalcitrant.
The river catfish Mystus nemurus is an important fresh water species for aquaculture in Malaysia. We report the first genetic linkage map of M. nemurus based on segregation analysis and a linkage map using newly developed microsatellite markers of M. nemurus. A total of 70 of the newly developed polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers were analyzed on pedigrees generated using a pseudo-testcross strategy from 2 mapping families. In the first mapping family, 100 offspring were produced from randomly selected dams of the same populations; dams of the second family were selected from 2 different populations, and this family had 50 offspring. Thirty-one of the 70 markers segregated according to the Mendelian segregation ratio. Linkage analysis revealed that 17 microsatellite markers belonging to 7 linkage groups were obtained at a logarithm of the odds score of 1.2 spanning 584 cM by the Kosambi mapping function, whereas the other 14 remained unlinked. The results from this study will act as primer to a more extensive genetic mapping study aimed towards identifying genetic loci involved in determining economically important traits.
Beta-thalassemia is a life-threatening inherited blood disorder. Rapid characterization of β-globin gene mutations is necessary because of the high frequency of Malaysian β-thalassemia carriers. A combination real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay using TaqMan probes was developed to confirm β-globin gene mutations. In this study, primers and probes were designed to specifically identify 8 common β-thalassemia mutations in the Malaysian Malay and Chinese ethnic groups using the Primer Express software. "Blind tests" using DNA samples from healthy individuals and β-thalassemia patients with different genotypes were performed to determine the specificity and sensitivity of this newly designed assay. Our results showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for this novel assay. In conclusion, the TaqMan genotyping assay is a straightforward assay that allows detection of β-globin gene mutations in less than 40 min. The simplicity and reproducibility of the TaqMan genotyping assay permit its use in laboratories as a rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tool for confirmation of common β-thalassemia mutations in Malaysia.
MeSH terms: Haptoglobins/genetics; Humans; Malaysia; Mutation*; Sensitivity and Specificity; Case-Control Studies; Single-Blind Method; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods; beta-Thalassemia/ethnology; beta-Thalassemia/genetics*; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics*; Genotyping Techniques/methods*
An improved genetic algorithm procedure is introduced in this work based on the theory of the most highly fit parents (both male and female) are most likely to produce healthiest offspring. It avoids the destruction of near optimal information and promotes further search around the potential region by encouraging the exchange of highly important information among the fittest solution. A novel crossover technique called Segmented Multi-chromosome Crossover is also introduced. It maintains the information contained in gene segments and allows offspring to inherit information from multiple parent chromosomes. The improved GA is applied for the automatic and simultaneous parameter optimization and feature selection of multi-layer perceptron network in medical disease diagnosis. Compared to the previous works, the average accuracy of the proposed algorithm is the best among all algorithms for diabetes and heart dataset, and the second best for cancer dataset.
Mesohabitat selection in fluvial fishes was studied in a small tropical stream of the Malay Peninsula. A total of 681 individuals representing 24 species were sampled at 45 stations within heterogeneous stream (ca. 1 km in length), in which water depth, water velocity, substrate size, and riparian canopy cover were measured as environmental variables. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) yielded a diagram that shows a specific mesohabitat selection of the fish assemblage, in which the species were plotted widely on the CCA1-CCA2 biplot. Generalized linear model also revealed a significant pattern of the mesohabitat selection of several species. Water velocity and substrate size mainly separated on CCA1, indicating variation of pool (deep, slow-flow section) and riffle (shallow, fast-flow section) structures is a primary factor of mesohabitat selection in the fluvial fish assemblage. The mean body weight of species significantly correlated with CCA1; larger species tended to inhabit pools, while small ones occupied riffles. The riparian canopy cover separated on CCA2. The trophic level of species significantly correlated with CCA2; herbivorous species (low trophic level) selected open sites without riparian cover, whereas omnivorous/carnivorous (middle-high trophic level) species preferred highly covered sites. In conclusion, our results suggest that mesohabitat selection is closely related to the species feeding habit, which is consistent with the results of previous studies.
Early onset of menarche has been shown to be associated with breast cancer and ischaemic heart disease. Studies on age at menarche of the Malaysian population are poorly documented. This study aimed to determine the influence of anthropometric and socio-demographic factors on the age at menarche of university students in Malaysia. Data were obtained in 2010-11 from 961 students between the ages of 18 and 25 years from the University of Malaya using stratified sampling, and multiple regression analysis was applied. Sixty-three per cent of students reached menarche at the age of 12 or 13 years, with the mean and median of age at menarche being 12.45 ± 1.17 and 12.01 years, respectively. Menarcheal age was positively associated with height (p<0.05) and negatively associated with BMI (p<0.001). Students from urban areas attained menarche earlier than those from rural areas (p<0.05). Students from small-sized families attained menarche earlier than those from larger families (p<0.05). First-born students experienced menarche earlier than those who were seventh-born or later. Obese and overweight students reached menarche earlier than students who were underweight or of normal weight (p<0.01). The variations in age at menarche among the Malaysian ethnic groups were statistically insignificant. The results suggest that heavier and first-born students from small families are more likely to attain menarche earlier than their counterparts.
MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anthropometry*; Birth Order; Body Height; Body Weight; Developing Countries*; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Malaysia; Menarche*; Obesity/ethnology; Obesity/epidemiology; Socioeconomic Factors*; Students/statistics & numerical data*; Overweight/ethnology; Overweight/epidemiology; Young Adult