A study on the uptake of methylene blue by biodegradable and eco-friendly carboxylated starch grafted polyvinyl pyrrolidone

Haq F 1 , Farid A 2 , Ullah N 1 , Kiran M 3 , Khan RU 1 , Aziz T 4 Show all authors , Mehmood S 5 , Haroon M 6 , Mubashir M 7 , Bokhari A 8 , Chuah LF 9 , Show PL 10

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
  • 2 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29220, Pakistan
  • 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
  • 4 School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
  • 5 State Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
  • 6 Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Balochistan, 92600, Pakistan
  • 7 Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 8 Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Punjab, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: awaisbokhari@cuilahore.edu.pk
  • 9 Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Electronic address: lfchuah@umt.edu.my
  • 10 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: pauloke.show@nottingham.edu.my
Environ Res, 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114241.
PMID: 36100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114241

Abstract

This study is based on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by cost effective and biodegradable adsorbent carboxymethyl starch grafted polyvinyl pyrolidone (Car-St-g-PVP). The Car-St-g-PVP was synthesized by grafting vinyl pyrolidone onto carboxymethyl starch by free radical polymerization reaction. The structure and different properties of Car-St-g-PVP were determined by 1H NMR, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and SEM. A series of batch experiments were conducted for the removal of MB, The adsorption affecting factors such as temperature, contact time, initial concentration of MB dye, dose of Car-St-g-PVP and pH were studied in detail. The other parameters like the thermodynamic study, kinetics and isothermal models were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that pseudo 2nd order kinetics and Langmuir's adsorption isotherms were best fitted to experimental data with regression coefficient R2 viz. 0.99 and 0.97. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption mechanism favored chemisorption. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for the adsorption process was found to be -7.31 kJ/mol, -8.23 kJ/mol, -9.00 kJ/mol and -10.10 kJ/mol at 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C respectively. The negative values of ΔG° suggested the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Similarly, the positive values of entropy (ΔS°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) 91.27 J/k.mol and 19.90 kJ/mol showed the increasing randomness and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The value of separation factor (RL) was found to be less than one (RL 

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