Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Epithelial Progenitor Cells: A Comprehensive Study

Fuloria S 1 , Subramaniyan V 2 , Gupta G 3 , Sekar M 4 , Meenakshi DU 5 , Sathasivam K 6 Show all authors , Sudhakar K 7 , Alharbi KS 8 , Almutairi SS 9 , Almalki WH 10 , Fuloria NK 11

Affiliations 

  • 1 Faculty of Pharmacy /Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
  • 2 Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610 Jenjarom Selangor, Malaysia
  • 3 Department of Pharmacology, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
  • 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
  • 5 College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, 130 Oman
  • 6 Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia
  • 7 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (LIT-Pharmacy), Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, India
  • 8 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
  • 9 General Department of Health facilities Licensing, MOH, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
  • 10 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • 11 Faculty of Pharmacy/Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2023;42(3):1-29.
PMID: 37017676 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2022044456

Abstract

Technological advancement to enhance tumor cells (TC) has allowed discovery of various cellular bio-markers: cancer stem cells (CSC), circulating tumor cells (CTC), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). These are responsible for resistance, metastasis, and premetastatic conditions of cancer. Detection of CSC, CTC, and EPC assists in early diagnosis, recurrence prediction, and treatment efficacy. This review describes various methods to detect TC subpopulations such as in vivo assays (sphere-forming, serial dilution, and serial transplantation), in vitro assays (colony-forming cells, microsphere, side-population, surface antigen staining, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and Paul Karl Horan label-retaining cells, surface markers, nonenriched and enriched detection), reporter systems, and other analytical methods (flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy/spectroscopy, etc.). The detailed information on methods to detect CSC, CTC, and EPC in this review will assist investigators in successful prognosis, diagnosis, and cancer treatment with greater ease.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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