An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices

Zango ZU 1 , Ethiraj B 2 , Al-Mubaddel FS 3 , Alam MM 4 , Lawal MA 5 , Kadir HA 6 Show all authors , Khoo KS 7 , Garba ZN 8 , Usman F 9 , Zango MU 10 , Lim JW 11

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria. Electronic address: zakariyyazango@auk.edu.ng
  • 2 Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
  • 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
  • 4 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
  • 5 Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, P.M.B, Kaduna, 1044, Nigeria. Electronic address: induceddipole66@gmail.com
  • 6 Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
  • 7 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: kuanshiong.khoo@saturn.yzu.edu.tw
  • 8 Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, P.M.B, Kaduna, 1044, Nigeria
  • 9 Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
  • 10 Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
  • 11 HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
Environ Res, 2023 Aug 15;231(Pt 2):116102.
PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102

Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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