Hemocompatible chitosan nanoparticle diallyl disulfide-modified polysulfone hollow fibre membrane with antithrombotic and antioxidant properties for haemodialysis applications

The study aims to enhance the biocompatibility of haemodialysis membranes to reduce mortality risks in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients by addressing oxidative stress and thrombus formation. A novel Chitosan Diallyl Disulfide Nanoparticle (CNP/DADS) complex was immobilised into PSF membranes at various concentrations. The most optimal membrane, with 0.3 wt% CNP, demonstrated the highest KUF of 116 mL/m2.h.mmHg, 95.7 % BSA rejection, and significant urea, creatinine, and lysozyme clearance rates. This was attributed to increased hydrophilicity, improved morphological structure with higher porosity, and a thinner membrane skin layer. However, CNP/DADS-immobilised PSF HFM showed reduced performance due to denser morphological structures. Despite this, CNP/DADS-immobilised membranes met high-flux standards and exhibited enhanced biocompatibility, low haemolysis percentage, reduced protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, and less complement activation. They also significantly prolonged clotting times (P