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A national survey evaluating the construct validity and reliability of a medical student feedback literacy questionnaire

Mohd Noor MN 1 , Lyu X 1 , Liu G 2 , Lin GSS 3 , Mohamed Ansari R 4 , Hong WH 1 Show all authors , Beh WF 5 , Abdul Aziz YF 6 , Vadivelu J 7 , Foong CC 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 Medical Education and Research Development Unit, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Media and Communication Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 3 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Pahang, Malaysia
  • 4 Department of Preclinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Music, Faculty of Creative Arts, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 6 Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 7 Strategic Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Med Educ Online, 2026 Dec 31;31(1):2722457.
PMID: 42976044 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2026.2722457

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Medical student feedback literacy is a crucial competency to support the learning and training of safe, competent healthcare professionals. To date, the IMPROVE-FL questionnaire has been developed as a specific instrument to measure levels of medical student feedback literacy. Although this questionnaire had established excellent content validity in our previous work, more validity and reliability evidence are required to endorse its research and practical use.

METHODS: This study applied the 28-item IMPROVE-FL questionnaire in a national survey of 29 medical schools with quota sampling to gather evidence of construct validity (via confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis testing) and assess its internal consistency (via construct reliability analysis). Subsequently, a smaller study was conducted in two medical schools, one public and one private, to establish evidence of test-retest reliability.

RESULTS: These analyses reported that the finalised 23-item IMPROVE FL had excellent model fit and evidence of construct validity (β = .64-.87; x2/df = 3.86; RMSEA = .05; SRMR = .03; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; GFI = .93; AGFI = .91), confirmed the expected correlation with fixed mindset (r = -.116, p 

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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