The influence of Hill's force-velocity relation on left ventricular mechanics in simulated hypertensive conditions with variable afterload

Zamberi NJ 1 , Leong CN 2 , Muhamad F 1 , Andriyana A 3 , Bakir AA 4 , Dokos S 2 Show all authors , Lim E 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 2 Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  • 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 4 Smart Manufacturing and System Research Group, University of Southampton Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2026 Nov;29(14):3367-3379.
PMID: 40483620 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2025.2514130

Abstract

Hill's force-velocity relationship is integrated into a 3D left-ventricular finite element model to enhance myocardial contraction dynamics alongside the Frank-Starling mechanism. Hypertensive conditions were simulated by adjusting arterial resistance and compliance to mimic varying afterload, with damping applied on velocity as an alternative stabilization method for numerical stability. Hill's relationship reduced peak systolic pressures (6.3%-7.2%) as hypertension progressed, moderated shortening velocities (1.61-1.69 s-1), and prevented velocity overshoot. Cardiac output was preserved, and ejection fraction remained unaffected. These findings highlight Hill's role in regulating systolic function, optimizing myocardial response under elevated afterload, and improving predictive capabilities for hypertensive heart disease.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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