Untangling the connection between endocrine disrupting compounds, river pollution classes, and socioeconomic factors

Wee SY 1 , Haron DEM 2 , Razak MR 3 , Hashim N 4 , Yahaya NKEM 4 , Kerisnan Kerishnan ND 5 Show all authors , Mamat RBR 5 , Aris AZ 6

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
  • 2 Shimadzu Universiti Malaya High Impact Research Testing and Research Analytical Laboratory, High Impact Research Building, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 3 International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
  • 4 National Water Research Institute of Malaysia, Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 5 Sewerage Service Department, Block B, Level 2 & 3, Atmosphere PjH No 2, Jalan Tun Abdul Razak, Precinct 2, 62100, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Malaysia
  • 6 International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. zaharin@upm.edu.my
Environ Geochem Health, 2025 Sep 17;47(10):444.
PMID: 40960547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-025-02760-x

Abstract

The contamination of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) stands as an emerging environmental concern, leading to subsequent environmental and human exposure. A comprehensive analysis identified a total of 18 EDCs, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and plasticizers, in Malaysian rivers classified into distinct pollution classes: "Clean", "Moderately Polluted", and "Polluted". The highest concentration of EDCs was observed in the "Moderately Polluted" Kim Kim River, notably containing 16.25 µg/L of caffeine. Caffeine exhibited ubiquitous presence across all pollution classes, with the Klang River ("Polluted") showing the peak concentration at 13.62 µg/L. In contrast, the "Clean" Kuantan River displayed the highest EDC concentration at 1.28 µg/L of bisphenol A. All individual EDCs posed negligible ecological risks, with RQ values below 0.01 (RQm 

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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