The Sudan occupies area of land in East Africa, almost one million square miles, or 2.5 million squares km2. It shares boundaries with nine countries: two of which are Arab, Egypt, Libya, Kenya, Uganda, The Congo, Chad, The Republic of Central Africa, Ethiopia and Eritrea. The country is situated in a strategic important geographical location that links the Arab world to Sub Saharan Africa, where the Sudanese population and those of the neighboring countries move freely across most of these borders .Sudan geography, climate, and multi-ethnic and cultural backgrounds remain the major health determinant. Sudan is the largest country in Africa. The heart of the country, in terms of population, lies at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The complex of the "three towns," comprising the three largest cities, Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman, is situated there and contains almost 20% of the population. The total population of Sudan was about 39.39 million (projected from 2009 census). the urban population was estimated at 33%. About 2.2 million are still entirely nomadic. Sudan’s peoples are as diverse as its geography. There are about 19 major ethnic groups and a further 597 subgroups. Sudan is rich in terms of natural and human resources, but economic and social development have been below the expectation.