A series of new 2-(ethylthio)benzohydrazone derivatives (1-6) were prepared and characterised by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The newly prepared compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activities using free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Among them, most powerful antioxidant, compound 1 has been selected in order to illustrate anti-ulcer effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were respectively treated with 10% Tween 20 as ulcer control group, 20 mg/kg omeprazole as reference group, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg compound 1 as experimental animals. Macroscopically, ulcer control group showed extensive hemorrhagic lesions of gastric mucosa compared with omeprazole or compound 1. Rats pre-treated with compound 1 showed increased in gastric pH and gastric mucus. Histologically, ulcer control group showed severe damage to gastric mucosa with edema and leucocytes infiltration of submucosal layer. In immunohistochemical analysis, rats which were pre-treated with compound 1 showed up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of Bax proteins. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of compound 1 may be due to its antioxidant activity, and/or due to up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of Bax protein in stained tissue section.
Universities across China have set up crisis management teams (CMTS) to deal with the crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focuses on how the paternalistic leadership practices of a Chinese university CMT influence crisis strategic decisions by managing conflict. These relationships were verified using hierarchical regression analysis on 312 samples from the surveyed university during the pandemic and found the following: benevolent leadership and moral leadership have positive effects on decision quality. However, unlike most studies on paternalistic leadership, in crisis situations, the negative effects of authoritarian leadership disappear under the mediating effect of affective conflict. This means that affective conflict within CMT fully mediates the relationship between authoritarian leadership and decision quality, and partially mediates the relationship between moral leadership and decision quality, while cognitive conflict partially mediates the relationship between benevolent leadership and crisis decision quality. It indicates that a CMT must stimulate and maintain a certain level of cognitive conflict while suppressing affective conflict to achieve high-quality crisis decision-making. This state can be achieved by practicing lower levels of authoritarian leadership and maintaining high levels of moral and benevolent leadership practices.
There is growing evidence that political economy factors are central to whether or not proposed health financing reforms are adopted, but there is little consensus about which political and institutional factors determine the fate of reform proposals. One set of scholars see the relative strength of interest groups in favour of and opposed to reform as the determining factor. An alternative literature identifies aspects of a country's political institutions-specifically the number and strength of formal 'veto gates' in the political decision-making process-as a key predictor of reform's prospects. A third group of scholars highlight path dependence and 'policy feedback' effects, stressing that the sequence in which health policies are implemented determines the set of feasible reform paths, since successive policy regimes bring into existence patterns of public opinion and interest group mobilization which can lock in the status quo. We examine these theories in the context of Malaysia, a successful health system which has experienced several instances of proposed, but ultimately blocked, health financing reforms. We argue that policy feedback effects on public opinion were the most important factor inhibiting changes to Malaysia's health financing system. Interest group opposition was a closely related factor; this opposition was particularly powerful because political leaders perceived that it had strong public support. Institutional veto gates, by contrast, played a minimal role in preventing health financing reform in Malaysia. Malaysia's dramatic early success at achieving near-universal access to public sector healthcare at low cost created public opinion resistant to any change which could threaten the status quo. We conclude by analysing the implications of these dynamics for future attempts at health financing reform in Malaysia.
Malaysia implemented its first Movement Control Order (MCO) during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic to slow the transmission of the virus. This study aimed to explore the public perception of the MCO implementation and people's experiences during this period. The study employed qualitative explorative in-depth interviews conducted with 23 Malaysian adults from various demographic backgrounds. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo 12. Three main themes were identified: a period of information surge, heterogeneous emotional response, and attempts to adapt. During the MCO, the participants obtained information from multiple platforms. They suggested the need for clear and repeated instructions to avoid confusion and misinformation. They also acknowledged the importance of the MCO in breaking the chain of transmission and safeguarding high-risk groups; however, they also expressed that stricter enforcement from the authorities was warranted. The changes in the participants' work-life routines, lack of physical interaction, and uncertainty about their health and the economy due to the MCO negatively impacted their psychological states. Despite these challenges, the participants attempted to adapt to life under the MCO in different ways. The findings imply that during a crisis, the public tends to seek clear and reliable information, experience emotional turmoil, and adapt to changes. The MCO implementation can be improved through an effective communication strategy and efforts to battle misinformation.
The title compound, C12H11N3O2, is a second monoclinic polymorph (P21, with Z' = 4) of the previously reported monoclinic (P21/c, with Z' = 2) form [Akhmad Aznan et al. (2010 ▶). Acta Cryst. E66, o2400]. Four independent mol-ecules comprise the asymmetric unit, which have the common features of a syn disposition of the pyridine N atom and the toluene ring, and an intra-molecular amine-nitro N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. The differences between mol-ecules relate to the dihedral angles between the rings which range from 2.92 (19) to 26.24 (19)°. The geometry-optimized structure [B3LYP level of theory and 6-311 g+(d,p) basis set] has the same features except that the entire mol-ecule is planar. In the crystal, the three-dimensional architecture is consolidated by a combination of C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π, nitro-N-O⋯π and π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distances = 3.649 (2)-3.916 (2) Å].
The 1:1 co-crystallization of 1,4-di-aza-bicyclo-[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) with 4-nitro-benzoic acid in ethanol-water (3/1) gave the salt dihydrate C6H13N2 (+)·C7H4NO4 (-)·2H2O, (1), whereas from methanol, the salt C6H14N2 (2+)·2C7H4NO4 (-), (2), was isolated. In (1), the cation and anion are linked by a strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, and the carboxyl-ate anion is close to planar [dihedral angle between terminal residues = 6.83 (9)°]. In (2), a three-ion aggregate is assembled by two N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the carboxyl-ate anions are again close to planar [dihedral angles between terminal residues = 1.7 (3) and 5.9 (3)°]. Through the inter-vention of solvent water mol-ecules, which self-assemble into helical supra-molecular chains along the b axis, the three-dimensional architecture in (1) is stabilized by water-DABCO O-H⋯N and water-carboxyl-ate O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with additional stability afforded by C-H⋯O inter-actions. The global crystal structure comprises alternating layers of water mol-ecules and ion pairs stacked along the c axis. In the crystal of (2), the three-ion aggregates are assembled into a three-dimensional architecture by a large number of methyl-ene-carboxyl-ate/nitro C-H⋯O inter-actions as well as π-π contacts between inversion-related benzene rings [inter-centroid distances = 3.5644 (16) and 3.6527 (16) Å]. The cations and anions assemble into alternating layers along the c axis.
The asymmetric unit of the title cyclic thio-urea derivative, C10H12N2S, comprises two mol-ecules, each of which has a twist about the CH2-CH2 bond within the five-membered ring. The major difference between the independent mol-ecules is manifested in the relative orientations of the five- and six-membered rings [dihedral angles between the least-squares planes = 28.03 (11) and 41.54 (11)°]. A network of C-H⋯π inter-actions consolidates the three-dimensional crystal packing.
The title mol-ecule, C(26)H(30)O(9)S(3), adopts an extended conformation whereby two approximately parallel benzene rings [dihedral angle = 8.32 (10)°] are orientated in opposite directions along the pseudo-threefold axis through the central quaternary C atom, while a third ring occupies a position mid-way and face-on to these rings [dihedral angles = 82.28 (10) and 78.81 (7)°]. The crystal packing is dominated by C-H⋯O contacts and π-π inter-actions [ring centroid distance = 3.6902 (12) Å].
In the title compound, C(10)H(9)N(3)O(3), there is a small twist between the benzene and triazole rings [dihedral angle = 6.32 (7)°]; the carb-oxy-lic acid residue is almost coplanar with the benzene ring to which it is attached [O-C-C-C torsion angle = 1.49 (19)°]. The main deviation from coplanarity of the non-H atoms is found for the hy-droxy group which is almost perpendicular to the remaining atoms [N-C-C-O torsion angle = -75.46 (16)°]. In the crystal, the presence of O-H⋯O (between carboxyl groups) and O-H⋯N (between the hy-droxy group and the triazole ring) hydrogen bonds leads to supra-molecular chains along [03[Formula: see text]]. The chains are connected into sheets via C-H⋯O(hy-droxy) inter-actions.
Two independent mol-ecules comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(12)H(11)N(3)O(2). These differ in terms of the relative orientations of the benzene rings as seen in the respective dihedral angles formed between the pyridine and benzene rings [17.42 (16) and 34.64 (16)°]. Both mol-ecules are twisted about the amine-tolyl N-C bonds [respective torsion angles = 22.3 (5) and 35.9 (5)°] but only about the amine-pyridine N-C bond in the first independent mol-ecule [respective torsion angles = -11.7 (5) and 0.8 (5)°]. Intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds preclude the amine H atoms from forming significant inter-molecular inter-actions. The crystal packing features inter-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distance: pyridine-benzene = 3.6442 (19) Å and pyridine-pyridine = 3.722 (2) Å] contacts.
Two independent mol-ecules comprise the asymmetric unit in the title compound, C(11)H(11)N(3). These differ in terms of the relative orientations of the aromatic rings: the first is somewhat twisted, while the second is approximately planar [dihedral angles between the pyrimidine and phenyl rings = 39.00 (8) and 4.59 (11)°]. The mol-ecules also form distinct patterns in their hydrogen bonding. The first independent mol-ecule forms centrosymmetric dimers featuring an eight-membered {HNCN}(2) synthon. The second independent mol-ecule forms an N-H⋯N hydrogen bond with the other pyrimidine N atom of the first mol-ecule. Thereby, tetra-meric aggregates are formed. These associate via C-H⋯N and C-H⋯π inter-actions, consolidating the crystal packing.
In the title mol-ecule, C(14)H(9)N(3)O(3), the dihedral angle between the quinoxaline and benzene rings is 77.13 (9)°. The mol-ecule is twisted about the ether-benzene O-C bond, with a C-O-C-C torsion angle of -102.8 (2)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers in the ab plane, with one nitro O atom accepting two such inter-actions. The layers stack along the c-axis direction via weak C-H⋯π inter-actions.
In the title mol-ecule, C(12)H(10)N(2)O(4), the pyridine and benzene rings are almost orthogonal [dihedral angle = 86.69 (11)°], with the pyridine N atom directed towards the centre of the benzene ring. The -NO(2) [O-N-C-C = -26.1 (3)°] and -OMe [C-O-C-C = 166.5 (2)°] substituents are not coplanar with their respective aromatic rings. In the crystal, supra-molecular layers in the ab plane are formed via C-H⋯π inter-actions involving methyl H atoms and the pyridine and benzene rings. Short N-O⋯π contacts (where the π-system is derived from the pyridine ring) occur between layers in the c-axis direction.
The quinoxaline system in the title hydrate, C(15)H(13)N(3)·H(2)O, is roughly planar, the r.m.s. deviation for the 18 non-H atoms being 0.188 Å; this conformation features a short intra-molecular C-H⋯N(pyrazine) inter-action. In the crystal, the amine H atom forms an N-H⋯O hydrogen bond to the water mol-ecule, which in turn forms two O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds to the pyrazine N atoms of different organic mol-ecules. These inter-actions lead to supra-molecular arrays in the bc plane that are two mol-ecules thick; additional π-π inter-actions stabilize the layers [ring centroid-centroid distance = 3.5923 (7) Å]. The layers stack along the a-axis direction via C-H⋯π contacts.
In the centrosymmetric title mol-ecule, [Cu(2)(CH(3)COO)(4)(C(6)H(9)N(3))(2)], each of the four acetate groups bridges a pair of Cu(II) atoms [Cu-Cu = 2.6540 (4) Å]. The distorted octa-hedral geometry of the metal atom is completed by an N-donor atom of the N-ethyl-pyrimidin-2-amine ligand: an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen links its N-H group to an acetate carboxyl-ate O atom. In the crystal, C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a supra-molecular chain along the b axis.
In the title compound, C(11)H(10)N(2)O(2), the aromatic rings are almost orthogonal to each other [dihedral angle = 86.97 (8)°], with the benzene ring orientated to face one of the pyrazine N atoms. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related pairs are connected via pairs of C-H⋯π inter-actions and the dimeric units thus formed pack into undulating layers that stack along the a axis.
The pyrimidine and benzene rings in the title compound, C(10)H(8)N(2)O(2), form a dihedral angle of 71.03 (7)°, with the roughly orthogonal benzene ring being folded towards one of the pyrimidine N atoms. In the crystal, pairs of O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds connect mol-ecules related by twofold symmetry into dimeric aggregates. These associate into a supra-molecular chain propagating along the b axis by way of C-H⋯π contacts. The chains are cross-linked by π-π inter-actions that occur between pyrimidine rings [ring centroid-centroid distances = 3.5393 (9) and 3.5697 (9) Å].
In the crystal structure of the title complex, [Cu(2)(CH(3)COO)(4)(C(12)H(11)ClN(2))(2)], the complete binuclear mol-ecule is generated by a crystallographic centre of inversion; the four acetate groups each bridge a pair of Cu(II) atoms. The coordination of the metal atom is distorted octa-hedral within a donor set defined by four O atoms, the heterocyclic N atom and the second Cu atom. The pyridine ring is twisted with respect to the benzene ring, forming a dihedral angle of 33.9 (2)°. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond is present between the amino group and a carboxyl O atom. Inter-molecular inter-actions of the C-H⋯π type link mol-ecules in the crystal structure.
The title complex, [Cu(2)(CH(3)COO)(4)(C(13)H(14)N(2))(2)], features a binuclear mol-ecule, which lies about a crystallographic centre of inversion; the four acetate ions each bridge a pair of Cu(II) atoms. The coordination of the metal atom is distorted octa-hedral within a donor set defined by four O atoms, the heterocyclic N atom and the second Cu atom. The pyridine ring is twisted with respect to the tolyl ring and forms a dihedral angle of 35.34 (9)°. A bifurcated N-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bond is present, linking the amine group to two carboxyl-ate O atoms derived from different acetate ions. In the crystal, C-H⋯π inter-actions link mol-ecules into a supra-molecular array in the bc plane.
In the title compound, C(11)H(10)N(2)O(2), the benzene ring faces towards one of the pyrimidine N atoms, and is almost orthogonal to the plane through the pyrimidine ring [dihedral angle = 84.40 (14)°]. In the crystal, the presence of C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid separation = 3.7658 (18) Å] inter-actions leads to a supra-molecular array in the ac plane. The layers thus formed inter-digitate along the b axis.