METHODS: Data from the 2023 National Socioeconomic Survey were used in this cross-sectional study that included 130,331 participants. Hospital utilisation was the dependent variable and NHI membership was the independent variable. Residence, age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, and wealth status were control factors. A multinomial logistic regression was employed in the final stage for data evaluation.

RESULTS: In 2023, the hospital utilisation rate in Indonesia's disadvantaged regions was 1.5% and the percentage of NHI members was 74.5%. People with an NHI membership were 3.01 times more likely to utilise the hospital than those without [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.58-3.50]. Seven control variables related to hospital utilisation were identified, namely, residence type, age, sex, marital status, education level, employment status, and wealth status.

METHODS: A phytochemical analysis of 1 % RNE was carried out to examine the active substances possessed in it, such as flavonoids, quinone, saponin, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. Nanoemulsion characterization was carried out using a particle size analyzer (PSA). The antibacterial activity of 1 % RNE toward Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) was carried out to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and inhibitory zone compared with doxycycline as a positive control.

MATERIALS: AND METHODS:  Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation, and visualization of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and coumaric acid (CA) as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial were investigated in silico. Inhibition zone by diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of RGCBE extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were done.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: the analysis of variance (ANOVA) difference test, and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Different (HSD) with a different significance value of p<0.05 RESULTS:  GCA and CA compounds are good drug molecules and it has low toxicity. Chlorogenic acid have higher binding activity than coumaric acid to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, receptor activation NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, runt related transcription factor (RUNX2), receptor activator nuclear Kappa beta Ligand-osteoprotegrin osteocalcin (RANKL-OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cell 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, Hsp70, and Hsp10 protein. RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and it has MIC, MBC, and inhibit the growth of Aa, Pg, Fn, and Pi at 50% concentration with significantly different (p=0.0001 and<0.05).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Forty-eight healthy, young male rabbits were divided into four groups: [-] OMF; [+] OMF; OMF with GMSCs normoxic-preconditioned; and OMF and GMSCs hypoxic-preconditioned. The central incisor and left mandibular molar in the experimental animals were moved, the mandibular first molar was moved mesially using nickel titanium (NiTi) and stainless steel ligature wire connected to a 50 g/mm2 light force closed coil spring. Allogeneic application of normoxic or hypoxic-preconditioned GMSCs was used in as many as 106 cells in a 20 µL phosphate buffered saline single dose and injected into experimental animals' gingiva after 1 day of OTM. On days 7, 14, and 28, all experimental animals were euthanized. Osterix, ALP, and osteopontin expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry.