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Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) from imported beef meat in Malaysia

Abuelhassan NN, Mutalib SA, Gimba FI, Yusoff WM

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016 Sep;23(17):17553-62.
PMID: 27234829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6954-0

This study aimed at determining the presence and characterization of Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) from imported frozen beef meats. Seventy-four (74) frozen imported beef meat samples from two countries, India (42 samples) and Australia (32 samples), were collected and tested for E. coli. These samples were purchased from the frozen meat sections of five different supermarkets in different locations in Selangor, Malaysia, from April 2012 to October 2014. A total of 222 E. coli strains were isolated from the meat samples; 126 strains were isolated from country A (India), and 96 E. coli strains were from country of origin B (Australia), respectively. A total of 70 E. coli strains were identified and characterized. All E. coli strains were isolated into Fluorocult medium and identified using API 20E kit. All selected E. coli strains were characterized for Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2). All biochemically identified E. coli in this study were further subjected to molecular detection through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and characterization using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Of the 70 E. coli strains, 11 strains were positive for both Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and 11 (11/70) strains were positive for stx1 gene, while 25 (25/70) strains were positive for stx2 gene. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene of all the E. coli isolates in this study was successfully sequenced and analyzed, and based on sequence data obtained, a phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using Clustal W programme in MEGA 6.06 software. Phylogenetic tree showed that the E. coli isolates in our study cluster with the strain of E. coli isolated in other countries, which further confirm that the isolates of E. coli in this study are similar to those obtained in other studies. As a result, all the strains obtained in this study proved to be a strain of pathogenic E. coli, which may cause a serious outbreak of food-borne disease. The isolation of pathogenic E. coli strains from the imported meat samples calls for prudent management of imported meats by the relevant authorities.
Fulltext Linguatula serrata (Porocephalida: Linguatulidae) Infection among Client-Owned Dogs in Jalingo, North Eastern Nigeria: Prevalence and Public Health Implications

Oluwasina OS, Thankgod OE, Augustine OO, Gimba FI

J Parasitol Res, 2014;2014:916120.
PMID: 24757557 DOI: 10.1155/2014/916120

Pentastomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis endemic to western and central Africa. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and public health implications of Linguatulosis in client-owned dogs in Jalingo, North Eastern Nigeria. Seven hundred and seventy seven (777) dogs brought for treatment at the hospital were subjected to buccal (sublingual) examination for pentastomiasis. Parameters such as age, sex, and breeds were determined. Also, the months of the year were taken into consideration. An overall prevalence of 37.45% was recorded. Of the 477 dogs examined in 2010, 184 were positive representing prevalence of 38.57% and in 2011 107 were positive representing prevalence of 35.67%. The infection was higher in the male than in the female which does not differ significantly (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between sexes (P > 0.05). However, significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between breeds and age of dogs examined. Season did not have much influence on the prevalence of Linguatulosis. The high prevalence of Linguatulosis in dogs and other animals found in this study highlights the need of improving preventative measures to reduce the rate of infection, which may pose a hazard to human health.
Molecular detection, prevalence and risk factors of Theileria orientalis infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Sharma RSK, Abdullah DA, Gimba FI, Jesse FFA, Sani RA

Prev Vet Med, 2020 Jul;180:105027.
PMID: 32442824 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105027

There is need to confirm the presence of Theileria orientalis among the cattle population in Peninsular Malaysia and to evaluate the risk factors associated with the infection. To this effect, blood samples were collected from 1045 cattle from 43 farms throughout the entire States of Peninsular Malaysia. The collected blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene of the haemoprotozoan. Representative positive amplicons were purified, sequenced and compared with other sequences of the MPSP gene of T. orientalis curated from the GenBank. A well-structured questionnaire was used to get information about each cattle, it's demography, the bio-security, environmental and management factors. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used for the statistical evaluation, with significance set at p < 0.05. A total prevalence of 49.76% (520/1045; 95% CI: 46.73 - 52.79) was obtained. Types of breeds, age, production type, herd size, level of farm biosecurity, farm size, presence of other animal species in the farm, management systems and prophylaxis were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of T. orientalis. This study confirmed the presence of T. orientalis and establish that the haemoprotozoan is endemic among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia.
Retraction Note to: Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi Among Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA

Acta Parasitol, 2021 Sep;66(3):1094.
PMID: 33666862 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00349-9
Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi Among Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA

Acta Parasitol, 2020 Mar;65(1):165-173.
PMID: 31797192 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00150-9

BACKGROUND: Animal trypanosomiasis (Surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is known to be one of the important haemoprotozoan parasites that causes great economical loss on animal production due to mortality and loss of condition.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. evansi infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed on 1045 blood samples collected from 43 farms. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors associated with T. evansi prevalence. The RoTat 1.2 set of primers was used to amplify products of 205 base pair.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence was found to be 17.9% (187/1045; 95% CI = 15.66-20.31). Trypanosoma evansi was detected among cattle in all the States of Peninsular Malaysia. Breeds of cattle and closeness to waste area, where the risk factors significantly (p
Detection of African swine fever virus in pigs in Southwest Nigeria

Awosanya EJ, Olugasa BO, Gimba FI, Sabri MY, Ogundipe GA

Vet World, 2021 Jul;14(7):1840-1845.
PMID: 34475707 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1840-1845

Background and Aim: Nigeria experienced repeated outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) in pig herds between 1997 and 2005 in the southwest region of the country. ASF is believed to currently be enzootic in this region. The status of enzootic transmission of ASF virus strain to pigs is; however, unknown. Twenty-three genotypes of the ASF virus based on the p72 gene are found across Africa. This study aimed to identify the current circulating field strain(s) of the ASF virus in Southwest Nigeria and characterized evolutionary trends.
Materials and Methods: DNA samples were extracted from 144 pooled blood samples obtained from 2012 to 2013 following the manufacturer's instructions. DNA was used for conventional polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the p72 gene and amplified products sequenced with Sanger's sequencing. Sequences were analyzed for homology and phylogenetic relationships.
Results: Eleven of 144 samples (7.6%) showed bands at 950 bp. A new field strain of ASF virus of genotype I that shared ancestry with ASF virus strains or isolates from Spain and Brazil was identified among pig herds. The new strain differs phylogenetically in amino acid composition compared with previously identified ASF virus field strains.
Conclusion: The currently circulating field strain of ASF virus suggests a mutation responsible for decreased morbidity and mortality recorded in sporadic cases.
The molecular prevalence, distribution and risk factors associated with Babesia bigemina infection in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Sharma RSK, Abdullah DA, Gimba FI, Abdullah FFJ, Sani RA

Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2021 05;12(3):101653.
PMID: 33465661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101653

Babesia bigemina is a tick-borne protozoan that affects cattle in almost all regions of the world. Despite its importance, there is no report of its prevalence in cattle using molecular detection methods in Peninsular Malaysia. This study describes the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors associated with B. bigemina infection using molecular diagnostic methods. Also, the species of ticks infesting cattle and the attitude of cattle farmers towards tick control in Peninsular Malaysia were studied. Blood samples were collected from 1045 cattle from 43 herds throughout the country, and were subjected to molecular studies to detect B. bigemina. Tick samples for entomological studies were also collected and identified. Epidemiological information of each cattle and farm were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire containing open-ended and closed-ended questions. Data were statistically analyzed using Univariate and Multivariate models. The 211-base pair of AMA-1 gene of B. bigemina was amplified and confirmed in 30.5 % (319/1045; 95 % CI = 27.8-33.4) of the sampled population, with the haemoprotozoan detected in all the sampled herds. Breed, age, physiological status, management type, rate of de-ticking, and closeness to human settlement were the risk factors significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of B. bigemina in cattle. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa were the species of ticks collected from cattle, with the former been more prevalent. A large number of cattle farmers (12/43; 28 %) do not control ticks in their herds. The findings of this study will create baseline data on the epidemiology of the haemoprotozoan and control patterns of its tick vectors that will guide the government in enacting policies that will improve food security and the economy of the nation.
Epidemiology and risk factors associated with Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Sharma RSK, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA

Parasitol Int, 2018 Dec;67(6):659-665.
PMID: 29960083 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.06.013

Bovine anaplasmosis is a major concern to cattle farming in most parts of the world. Anaplasmosis negatively impacts the profitability of cattle farming by reducing the production, reproduction, and draft ability of cattle. Here, we report results from a one-year cross sectional study to determine the epidemiology and the risk factors for Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Examination of one thousand and forty five blood samples of apparently healthy cattle from forty-three farms in all the states of Peninsular Malaysia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay revealed an overall prevalence of A. marginale infection of cattle of 72.6%, showing high endemicity of this heamoprotozoan among cattle in the country. Cattle breeds, production type, herd owner, herd size, management system, farm size, farm age, prophylactic treatment against blood parasites, presence of ticks, frequency of deticking, zones, closeness to forest, closeness to waste area, closeness to human settlement and closeness to body of water were the risk factors significantly associated (P 
Fulltext Dataset on the diversity and distribution of biting flies collected from cattle farms in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Jesse Abdullah FF, Sani RA

Data Brief, 2020 Apr;29:105315.
PMID: 32140522 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105315

This dataset investigated the diversity, the geographic and spatial distribution of haematophagous flies collected from cattle farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Biting flies were trapped from 25 cattle farms over a one-year period. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to establish the presence/absence of statistical differences in the number of flies caught in relation to the different geographic distributions (zones). Three thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine haematophagous flies comprising of 36 different species, including Musca species (3189; 82.0%), Stomoxys species (588; 15.1%), Tabanus species (58; 1.5%), Chrysops species (19; 0.5%), Haematopota javana (3; 0.1%), Haematobosca species (29; 0.7%) and Haematobia exigua (3; 0.1%) were collected using three different types of fly traps. More biting flies were trapped in the southwest (1070; 27.5%) and south (1045; 26.9%) zones compared to other arbitrary zones of Peninsular Malaysia. Haematophagous flies were spatially distributed both in the inland and coastal parts of the country. The difference in the catch of Stomoxys species within zones was not significant (F = 1.299; df = 5; p = 0.306), although it was highest in the southwest zone. The number of Musca species caught was highest in the south zone compared to other zones, the differences was not significant (F = 0.770; df = 5; p = 0.583). Tabanidae fly species were most abundant in the southwest zone, the differences among zones was not significant (F = 1.179; df = 5; p = 0.356).
Fulltext Molecular detection and epidemiological risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Abdullah DA, Ola-Fadunsin SD, Ruviniyia K, Gimba FI, Chandrawathani P, Lim YAL, et al.

Food Waterborne Parasitol, 2019 Mar;14:e00035.
PMID: 32095605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00035

Enteric protozoa infection among cattle may pose a threat to productivity and survival leading to negative impacts on the livestock industry. A number of these pathogens are also known to be zoonotic and are of public health concern. Despite the importance of these enteric protozoa to both animal and human health, there remains a paucity of published information on the epidemiological risk factors that may be associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia. The present study was undertaken to determine the molecular prevalence and associated risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection among beef and dairy cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 824 cattle in 39 farms (526 beef and 298 dairy) situated in 33 locations throughout the country, and subjected to PCR detection for Cryptosporidium using primers targeting the 18S SSUrRNA gene. Epidemiological variables including host, environment and management factors were subjected to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the potential risk factors for infection. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium among the cattle was 12.5%, with significant difference in the infection rate among the various breeds. There was no significant effect of gender, and both the beef and dairy cattle were at similar odds for infection. The younger cattle had a significantly higher infection rate compared to the older animals. Multivariate analysis revealed that deworming practice, distance to human settlement, geographical location (zone) and farm management system were significant risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection. The cattle that were reared on farms located in the northeast of the country, closest (≤200 m) to human settlements, reared extensively, and dewormed every four months were at highest risk of infection. The present study constitutes the first attempt to analyze the multivariable epidemiological risk factors involved in bovine cryptosporidiosis in Malaysia and in Southeast Asia. It is envisaged that the data obtained will facilitate better control and prevention measures for Cryptosporidium infection among cattle in the region. Due to the potential zoonotic nature of the infection, serious steps should be instituted for animal treatment and biohazard waste management on local cattle farms.