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Estimation of age in Asiatic girls

Cameron JAP

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1938;2:19-23.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton
The age question among Asiatic girls in Malayan courts of law

Worth HI

Med J Malaya, 1947;1:252-272.

European standards on height, weight, centres of ossification and date of onset of puberty are not applicable to Asiatic girls in Malaya. " Asiatics " could not be grouped together, racial groups showed differences, especially the three main groups-Chinese, Indians and Malays. Nine tables are furnished showing the average and maximum and minimum heights and weights of the four main groups examined, as well as of some of the minor groups, arranged according to ages from 5 years to 19 years. The conclusion is drawn that the European standard of height and weight is higher than that of any of the Asiatic races in Malaya; a greater difference is noted in the weight than in the height and there is a much greater range in the weight of Asiatics but a smaller range in the height. Onset of menstruation tended to be earlier in the local Asiatic groups than in Europeans. The date of eruption of permanent teeth appeared to be earlier among Asiatic races. No deciduous teeth were found at the age of 12-13 years, the lower second molar was seen in all those examined at that age and the whole lower set was present, excluding the third molar. Earlier efuption of the canine teeth was also noticeable. Details should be consulted in the original by all those interested in medico legal work in tropical countries. P. A. Clearkin.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton
Age estimation based on bone length using 12 regression models of left hand X-ray images for Asian children below 19 years old

Darmawan MF, Yusuf SM, Abdul Kadir MR, Haron H

Leg Med (Tokyo), 2015 Mar;17(2):71-8.
PMID: 25456051 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.09.006

Age estimation was used in forensic anthropology to help in the identification of individual remains and living person. However, the estimation methods tend to be unique and applicable only to a certain population. This paper analyzed age estimation using twelve regression models carried out on X-ray images of the left hand taken from an Asian data set for subjects under the age of 19. All the nineteen bones of the left hand were measured using free image software and the statistical analysis were performed using SPSS. There are two methods to determine age in this study which are single bone method and all bones method. For single bone method, S-curve regression model was found to have the highest R-square value using second metacarpal for males, and third proximal phalanx for females. For age estimation using single bone, fifth metacarpal from males and fifth proximal phalanx from females can be used due to the lowest mean square error (MSE) value. To conclude, multiple linear regressions is the best techniques for age estimation in cases where all bones are available, but if not, S-curve regression can be used using single bone method.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
The applicability of Greulich and Pyle atlas to assess skeletal age for four ethnic groups

Mansourvar M, Ismail MA, Raj RG, Kareem SA, Aik S, Gunalan R, et al.

J Forensic Leg Med, 2014 Feb;22:26-9.
PMID: 24485416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.11.011

Recently, determination of skeletal age, defined as the assessment of bone age, has rapidly become an important task between forensic experts and radiologists. The Greulich-Pyle (GP) atlas is one of the most frequently used methods for the assessment of skeletal age around the world. After presentation of the GP approach for the estimation of the bone age, much research has been conducted to examine the usability of this method in various geographic or ethnic categories. This study investigates on a small-scale and compares the reliability of the GP atlas for assessment of the bone age for four ethnic groups - Asian, African/American, Caucasian and Hispanic - for a different range of ages.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Age at death estimation from bone histology in Malaysian males

Nor FM, Pastor RF, Schutkowski H

Med Sci Law, 2014 Oct;54(4):203-8.
PMID: 24189643 DOI: 10.1177/0025802413506573

Estimation of age from microscopic examination of human bone utilizes bone remodeling. This allows 2 regression equation to be determined in a specific population based on the variation in osteon turnover in different populations. The aim of this study was to provide age estimation for Malaysian males. Ground undecalcified cross sections were prepared from long limb bones of 50 deceased males aged between 21 and 78 years. Ten microstructural parameters were measured and subjected to multivariate regression analysis. Results showed that osteon count had the highest correlation with age (R = 0.43), and age was estimated to be within 10.94 years of the true value in 98% of males. Cross validation of the equation on 50 individuals showed close correspondence of true ages with estimated ages. Further studies are needed to validate and expand these results.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Fulltext Multipurpose contrast enhancement on epiphyseal plates and ossification centers for bone age assessment

Chai HY, Swee TT, Seng GH, Wee LK

Biomed Eng Online, 2013;12:27.
PMID: 23565999 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-12-27

The high variations of background luminance, low contrast and excessively enhanced contrast of hand bone radiograph often impede the bone age assessment rating system in evaluating the degree of epiphyseal plates and ossification centers development. The Global Histogram equalization (GHE) has been the most frequently adopted image contrast enhancement technique but the performance is not satisfying. A brightness and detail preserving histogram equalization method with good contrast enhancement effect has been a goal of much recent research in histogram equalization. Nevertheless, producing a well-balanced histogram equalized radiograph in terms of its brightness preservation, detail preservation and contrast enhancement is deemed to be a daunting task.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Skull sutures: Changing morphology during preadolescent growth and its implications in forensic identification

Jayaprakash PT, Srinivasan GJ

Forensic Sci Int, 2013 Jun 10;229(1-3):166.e1-13.
PMID: 23582744 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.038

Forensic identification of juvenile skulls is a problem area. Although the skull suture patterns have been suggested for use in individualizing human remains by comparing antemortem and postmortem radiographs, the age at which such patterns stabilize and can be useful for identification had been indicated as 7 years. Subsequent researchers have also concurred that antemortem and postmortem radiographs taken after the 7th year would be sufficient to meet the Daubert standard criteria for identifying skulls using radiographs. The suggestions regarding the lower age limit for stabilization of suture patterns have not been verified so far. In this research, the patterns of the sutures in the ectocranial and endocranial surfaces of the lambdoid region in 22 juvenile skulls (age range 1-10 years) and 100 adult skulls (age range 17-70 years) were studied for the relative incidence of different types of suture patterns. The radiographic recordings of the suture patterns in the juvenile skulls were also compared with the patterns seen in the ectocranial and endocranial surfaces. The findings of this study support the proposition that the suture patterns are plastic during the juvenile stage and that they undergo significant remodeling during growth into adulthood. Indicating the possibility of growth related alterations in the sutural morphology, the onset of adulthood is suggested as the age for stabilization of suture patterns in the context of prescribing standards for such criteria as those relating to Daubert.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Fulltext An artifacts removal post-processing for epiphyseal region-of-interest (EROI) localization in automated bone age assessment (BAA)

Chai HY, Wee LK, Swee TT, Salleh ShH, Chea LY

Biomed Eng Online, 2011;10:87.
PMID: 21952080 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-10-87

Segmentation is the most crucial part in the computer-aided bone age assessment. A well-known type of segmentation performed in the system is adaptive segmentation. While providing better result than global thresholding method, the adaptive segmentation produces a lot of unwanted noise that could affect the latter process of epiphysis extraction.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Comparison study of growth plate fusion using MRI versus plain radiographs as used in age determination for exclusion of overaged football players

George J, Nagendran J, Azmi K

Br J Sports Med, 2012 Mar;46(4):273-8.
PMID: 21173009 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.074948

MRI of distal radius fusion is currently being used in the U17 World Cup to exclude overaged players. Developing countries that cannot afford to perform MRI on their players are using plain radiographs based on the same MRI criteria of fusion.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Age determination by magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in adolescent male football players

Dvorak J, George J, Junge A, Hodler J

Br J Sports Med, 2007 Jan;41(1):45-52.
PMID: 17021001

In football there are established age-related tournaments for males and females to guarantee equal chances within the game for all the different age groups. To prevent participation in the incorrect age group, and owing to the fact that in some Asian and African countries registration at birth is not compulsory, other methods of age determination need to be available. Standard radiographs of the left wrist have been used for assessment of skeletal age for many years. This is, however, not ethical in the sporting environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Fulltext An Automated System for Skeletal Maturity Assessment by Extreme Learning Machines

Mansourvar M, Shamshirband S, Raj RG, Gunalan R, Mazinani I

PLoS One, 2015;10(9):e0138493.
PMID: 26402795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138493

Assessing skeletal age is a subjective and tedious examination process. Hence, automated assessment methods have been developed to replace manual evaluation in medical applications. In this study, a new fully automated method based on content-based image retrieval and using extreme learning machines (ELM) is designed and adapted to assess skeletal maturity. The main novelty of this approach is it overcomes the segmentation problem as suffered by existing systems. The estimation results of ELM models are compared with those of genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) models. The experimental results signify improvement in assessment accuracy over GP and ANN, while generalization capability is possible with the ELM approach. Moreover, the results are indicated that the ELM model developed can be used confidently in further work on formulating novel models of skeletal age assessment strategies. According to the experimental results, the new presented method has the capacity to learn many hundreds of times faster than traditional learning methods and it has sufficient overall performance in many aspects. It has conclusively been found that applying ELM is particularly promising as an alternative method for evaluating skeletal age.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Bone age of Malaysian children aged 12 to 28 months

Chen ST, Jee FC, Mohamed TB

J Singapore Paediatr Soc, 1990;32(3-4):97-101.
PMID: 2133763

Between 1976 and 1979, hand radiographs of 112 Malay children, 55 males and 57 females aged from 12 to 28 months, from higher socio-economic class families were obtained and studied by two radiologists. These children were part of a longitudinal study on growth and development. A total of 268 hand and wrist radiographs were taken, which the radiologists read independently of each other using the Greulich and Pyle Atlas. The bone age was then compared with the chronological age and the difference, if any, was noted and 'scored'. It was found that 83.4% of cases for males and 94.8% of cases for females matched within the +/- 6 months discrepancy range. For practical purposes therefore, our population may use the Greulich-Pyle Atlas with a good degree of confidence. Typical hand radiographs of male and female Malay children at 12, 18 and 24 months of age are also presented and these may be used as standards for Malaysian children at the respective age groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton*
Quantification of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion in a contemporary Malaysian population

Hisham S, Flavel A, Abdullah N, Noor MHM, Franklin D

Forensic Sci Int, 2018 Mar;284:78-84.
PMID: 29353220 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.046

Timing of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is correlated with age. Previous research, however, has demonstrated variation in the timing of closure among different global populations. The present study aims to quantify the timing of SOS fusion in Malaysian individuals as visualised in multi-detector computed tomography (CT) scans and to thereafter formulate age estimation models based on fusion status. Anonymised cranial CT scans of 336 males and 164 females, aged 5-25 years, were acquired from the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Sultanah Aminah. The scans were received in DICOM format and reconstructed into three-dimensional images using OsiriX. The SOS is scored as open, fusing endocranially, fusing ectocranially or completely fused. Statistical analyses are performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Transition analysis (Nphases2) is then utilised to calculate age ranges for each stage. To assess the reliability of an observation, intra- and inter-observer agreement is quantified using Fleiss Kappa and was found to be excellent (κ=0.785-0.907 and 0.812). The mean (SD) age for complete fusion is 20.84 (2.84) years in males and 19.78 (3.35) years in females. Transition ages between Stages 0 and 1, 1 and 2, and 2 and 3 in males are 12.52, 13.98 and 15.52 years, respectively (SD 1.37); in females, the corresponding data are 10.47, 12.26 and 13.80 years (SD 1.72). Complete fusion of the SOS was observed in all individuals above the age of 18 years. SOS fusion status provides upper and lower age boundaries for forensic age estimation in the Malaysian sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Experience of Using Neural Networks to Assess Age-Related Changes in Some Structures of the Skull and Cervical Vertebrae Based on CT Scans (Pilot Project)

Zolotenkova GV, Valetov DK, Poletaeva MP, Vassilevski YV

Sovrem Tekhnologii Med, 2024;16(2):29-38.
PMID: 39539748 DOI: 10.17691/stm2024.16.2.03

The aim of the investigation is to study the possibility of using artificial intelligence technologies for age prediction based on CT studies of some structures of the skull and cervical vertebrae.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 223 tomograms of the head and neck in sagittal projection from patients without any pathology of the studied structures. Morphometric analysis was carried out using PjaPro and Gradient programs, statistical analysis was performed by SPSS Statistics software. A fully convolutional EfficientNet-B2 neural network was used, which was trained in two stages: selection of the area of interest and solution of regression tasks.
RESULTS: Morphometric assessment and subsequent statistical analysis of the selected group of features have shown presence of the strongest correlation with age in the indicator characterizing the involution of the median atlantoaxial joint. A deep learning method using the convolutional network, which automatically selects the desired area in the image (the area of the vertebral junction), classifies the sample, and makes an assumption about the age of the unknown individual with an accuracy of 7.5 to 10.5 years has been tested.
CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, a positive experience has been obtained indicating the possibility of using convolutional neural networks to determine the age of the unknown person, which expands the evidence base and provides new opportunities for determining group-wide personality traits in forensic medicine.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods
Fulltext Automated bone age assessment: motivation, taxonomies, and challenges

Mansourvar M, Ismail MA, Herawan T, Raj RG, Kareem SA, Nasaruddin FH

Comput Math Methods Med, 2013;2013:391626.
PMID: 24454534 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391626

Bone age assessment (BAA) of unknown people is one of the most important topics in clinical procedure for evaluation of biological maturity of children. BAA is performed usually by comparing an X-ray of left hand wrist with an atlas of known sample bones. Recently, BAA has gained remarkable ground from academia and medicine. Manual methods of BAA are time-consuming and prone to observer variability. This is a motivation for developing automated methods of BAA. However, there is considerable research on the automated assessment, much of which are still in the experimental stage. This survey provides taxonomy of automated BAA approaches and discusses the challenges. Finally, we present suggestions for future research.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Quantification of Pubic Symphysis Metamorphosis Based on the Analysis of Clinical MDCT Scans in a Contemporary Malaysian Population

Hisham S, Abdullah N, Mohamad Noor MH, Franklin D

J Forensic Sci, 2019 Nov;64(6):1803-1811.
PMID: 31310668 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14125

Forensic age estimation methods are biased to sex and population; in general, accuracy is reduced when applied to foreign populations. This study assessed the accuracy of the Suchey-Brooks method in contemporary Malaysian individuals and aimed to formulate population-specific standards. Multi-detector computed tomography scans of 355 individuals (165 male; 190 female) of 15-83 years of age were reconstructed using 3D-volumetric rendering in RadiAnt. Pubic symphyseal phase, bias, inaccuracy, and percentage correct age classifications are examined. Transition analysis was used to develop age estimation standards. High observer agreement (κ = 0.763-0.832) and a positive relationship between age and pubic symphyseal phase (r = 0.884-0.90) were demonstrated. Mean inaccuracies were 8.62 and 8.95 years for males and females, respectively; overall correct classification was 97.8%. Transition ages between phases in males were 18.79, 23.29, 28.85, 43.64, and 61.15 years; in females, the corresponding data were 19.77, 22.53, 32.62, 41.85, and 57.39 years.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*
Tooth mineralization stages as a diagnostic tool for assessment of skeletal maturity

Surendran S, Thomas E

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2014 Jan;145(1):7-14.
PMID: 24373650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.09.007

The objective of this study was to determine whether dental calcification can be used as a first-level diagnostic tool for assessment of skeletal maturity.

Matched MeSH terms: Age Determination by Skeleton/methods*

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