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  1. Ictal EEG Source Imaging for Presurgical Evaluation of Refractory Focal Epilepsy
    Habib MA, Ibrahim F, Mohktar MS, Kamaruzzaman SB, Rahmat K, Lim KS
    World Neurosurg, 2016 Apr;88:576-585.
    PMID: 26548833 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.096
    BACKGROUND: Electroencephalography source imaging (ESI) is a promising tool for localizing the cortical sources of both ictal and interictal epileptic activities. Many studies have shown the clinical usefulness of interictal ESI, but very few have investigated the utility of ictal ESI. The aim of this article is to examine the clinical usefulness of ictal ESI for epileptic focus localization in patients with refractory focal epilepsy, especially extratemporal lobe epilepsy.

    METHODS: Both ictal and interictal ESI were performed by the use of patient-specific realistic forward models and 3 different linear distributed inverse models. Lateralization as well as concordance between ESI-estimated focuses and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) focuses were assessed.

    RESULTS: All the ESI focuses (both ictal and interictal) were found lateralized to the same hemisphere as ictal SPECT focuses. Lateralization results also were in agreement with the lesion sides as visualized on magnetic resonance imaging. Ictal ESI results, obtained from the best-performing inverse model, were fully concordant with the same cortical lobe as SPECT focuses, whereas the corresponding concordance rate is 87.50% in case of interictal ESI.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that ictal ESI gives fully lateralized and highly concordant results with ictal SPECT and may provide a cost-effective substitute for ictal SPECT.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistant Epilepsy/diagnosis*; Drug Resistant Epilepsy/surgery*
  2. Content-based image retrieval system for solid waste bin level detection and performance evaluation
    Hannan MA, Arebey M, Begum RA, Basri H, Al Mamun MA
    Waste Manag, 2016 Apr;50:10-9.
    PMID: 26868844 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.046
    This paper presents a CBIR system to investigate the use of image retrieval with an extracted texture from the image of a bin to detect the bin level. Various similarity distances like Euclidean, Bhattacharyya, Chi-squared, Cosine, and EMD are used with the CBIR system for calculating and comparing the distance between a query image and the images in a database to obtain the highest performance. In this study, the performance metrics is based on two quantitative evaluation criteria. The first one is the average retrieval rate based on the precision-recall graph and the second is the use of F1 measure which is the weighted harmonic mean of precision and recall. In case of feature extraction, texture is used as an image feature for bin level detection system. Various experiments are conducted with different features extraction techniques like Gabor wavelet filter, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and gray level aura matrix (GLAM) to identify the level of the bin and its surrounding area. Intensive tests are conducted among 250bin images to assess the accuracy of the proposed feature extraction techniques. The average retrieval rate is used to evaluate the performance of the retrieval system. The result shows that, the EMD distance achieved high accuracy and provides better performance than the other distances.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy
  3. Complementary treatment of psychotic and epileptic patients in malaysia
    Razali SM, Yassin AM
    Transcult Psychiatry, 2008 Sep;45(3):455-69.
    PMID: 18799643 DOI: 10.1177/1363461508094676
    The objective of this article is to describe and compare the use of traditional/complementary medicine (T/CM) among psychotic (schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder) and epileptic Malay patients in peninsular Malaysia. There were 60 patients in each group. T/CM consultation was uniformly spread across all levels of education and social status. We could not find a single over-riding factor that influenced the decision to seek T/CM treatment because the decision to seek such treatment was complex and the majority of decisions were made by others. Fifty-three patients (44.2%), consisting of 37 (61.7%) psychotic and 16 (26.7%) epileptic patients had consulted Malay traditional healers (bomoh) and/or homeopathic practitioners in addition to modern treatment; of these, only three had consulted bomoh and homeopathic practitioners at the same time. The use of T/CM was significantly higher in psychotic than in epileptic Malay patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/ethnology*; Epilepsy/therapy
  4. Variability of plasma phenobarbitone concentration in Asian children in Singapore
    Lee HS
    Ther Drug Monit, 1984;6(2):182-8.
    PMID: 6740737
    In a study with 113 Asian children in which phenobarbitone was used as the sole antiepileptic drug in 75 children, including Chinese, Malays, and Indians, the mean phenobarbitone dosage required to produce a plasma level of 15 micrograms/ml was 5.2 mg/kg/day. While the mean plasma level/dose ratio varied, the differences between the three ethnic groups were not statistically significant. Also of little difference were the ratios between the male and female groups. For those patients with poor seizure control, however, the mean plasma level/dose ratio was significantly lower than in those whose seizures were controlled. Using additional anticonvulsant drugs concurrently with phenobarbitone in 40 children raised the mean plasma level/dose ratios significantly in each ethnic group. Further, the greater age level in those given additional antiepileptic drugs might have contributed slightly to a higher mean plasma level/dose ratio.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/blood*; Epilepsy/drug therapy
  5. Slow carbamazepine clearance in a nonadherent Malay woman with epilepsy and thyrotoxicosis
    Yeap LL, Lim KS, Ng CC, Hui-Ping Khor A, Lo YL
    Ther Drug Monit, 2014 Feb;36(1):3-9.
    PMID: 24342894 DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000024
    The authors describe a case of a 37-year-old Malay lady with an unusually slow carbamazepine clearance, which may be related to genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. When given a small daily dose of 200 mg immediate-release carbamazepine, this patient experienced drowsiness. Subsequently, she reduced her carbamazepine dose to 200 mg twice a week (on Mondays and Fridays), resulting in poor seizure control. At the same time, the patient was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and was given carbimazole and propranolol. Hyperthyroidism and the concurrent use of these antihyperthyroid agents may have further slowed down the metabolism of carbamazepine. Therapeutic drug monitoring of carbamazepine was carried out, and a slow carbamazepine clearance of 1.45 L·h⁻¹ per 70 kg was observed. Genotyping of selected genetic variants in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, EPHX1, ABCB1, and ABCC2 revealed that she has CYP3A5*3/*3 and ABCB1 3435-CC genotypes. Both genotypes have been shown to be associated with higher adjusted mean serum carbamazepine concentration in Chinese and Korean patients with epilepsy. Physicians should be vigilant about the risk of adverse effects among patients with a slow carbamazepine clearance, especially in Malays. Simulations of carbamazepine dosing regimen based on the pharmacokinetic parameters of this patient were performed to allow individualization of drug therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/drug therapy*
  6. Fulltext Ensemble classifier for epileptic seizure detection for imperfect EEG data
    Abualsaud K, Mahmuddin M, Saleh M, Mohamed A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2015;2015:945689.
    PMID: 25759863 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945689
    Brain status information is captured by physiological electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which are extensively used to study different brain activities. This study investigates the use of a new ensemble classifier to detect an epileptic seizure from compressed and noisy EEG signals. This noise-aware signal combination (NSC) ensemble classifier combines four classification models based on their individual performance. The main objective of the proposed classifier is to enhance the classification accuracy in the presence of noisy and incomplete information while preserving a reasonable amount of complexity. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the NSC technique, which yields higher accuracies of 90% for noiseless data compared with 85%, 85.9%, and 89.5% in other experiments. The accuracy for the proposed method is 80% when SNR=1 dB, 84% when SNR=5 dB, and 88% when SNR=10 dB, while the compression ratio (CR) is 85.35% for all of the datasets mentioned.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/physiopathology*
  7. Referral of epileptic patients in North East Coast of West Malaysia an area with poor MRI coverage: an analysis
    Mohamed Y, Alias NN, Shuaib IL, Tharakan J, Abdullah J, Munawir AH, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2006 Nov;37(6):1199-208.
    PMID: 17333778
    Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in detecting structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy in developed countries. In Malaysia, a few electroencephalography facilities available in rural district hospitals run by trained physician assistants have Internet connections to a government neurological center in Kuala Lumpur. These facilities are more commonly available than MRI machines, which require radiological expertise and helium replacement, which may problematic in Southeast Asian countries where radiologists are found in mainly big cities or towns. We conducted a cross-sectional study over a two year period begining January 2001 on rural patients, correlating EEG reports and MRI images with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy to set guidelines for which rural patients need to be referred to a hospital with MRI facilities. The patients referred by different hospitals without neurological services were classified as having generalized, partial or unclassified seizures based on the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The clinical parameters studied were seizure type, seizure frequency, status epilepticus and duration of seizure. EEG reports were reviewed for localized and generalized abnormalities and epileptiform changes. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and area under the curve. The association between clinical and radiological abnormalities was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Twenty-six males and 18 females were evaluated. The mean age was 20.7 +/- 13.3 years. Nineteen (43.2%) had generalized seizures, 22 (50.0%) had partial seizures and 3 (6.8%) presented with unclassified seizures. The EEG was abnormal in 30 patients (20 with generalized abnormalities and 10 localized abnormalities). The MRI was abnormal in 17 patients (38.6%); the abnormalities observed were cerebral atrophy (5), hippocampal sclerosis (4), infarct/gliosis (3), cortical dysgenesis (2) and tumors (2). One patient had an arachnoid cyst in the right occipital region. Of the 17 patients with an abnormal MRI, 14 had an abnormal EEG, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant associaton between epileptographic changes and MRI findings (p = 0.078). EEG findings were associated with MRI findings (p = 0.004). The association between an abnormal EEG and an abnormal MRI had a specificity of 82.4%, while epileptogenic changes had a specificity of 64.7% in relation to abnormal MRI findings. This meants that those patients in rural hospitals with abnormal EEGs should be referred to a neurology center for further workup and an MRI to detect causes with an epileptic focus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/diagnosis*
  8. Fulltext Short QTc in epilepsy patients without cardiac symptoms
    Teh HS, Tan HJ, Loo CY, Raymond AA
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):104-8.
    PMID: 18705439
    Epilepsy patients have a higher mortality rate than the general population. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a major cause of mortality for these patients. The possibility of cardiac involvement in the pathogenesis of SUDEP has been suggested by many previous studies. This study compared the QT interval in epilepsy patients and normal controls, and identified the factors that affected the QT interval. Standard 12-lead ECGs were recorded from 70 consecutive epilepsy patients from the neurology clinic of HUKM and 70 age, race and gender matched controls. The mean QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) was calculated and compared. The mean QTc among the epilepsy patients was 0.401 +/- 0.027s. It was significantly shorter than the QTc (0.420 +/- 0.027s) in the control group (p<0.0005). Thirty five epilepsy patients (50%) and 17 matched controls (24.3%) had a mean QTc shorter than 0.40s (p=0.001). Among the epilepsy patients, the mean QTc did not significantly differ between patients in the duration (F=0.836, p=0.438) of the epilepsy, frequency (F=0.273, p=0.845) and types of seizures (p=0.633). There was no significant difference in the mean QTc between the epilepsy patients on different number of antiepileptic agents (F=0.444, p=0.643). Patients with cryptogenic epilepsy had a mean QTc of 0.392 +/- 0.029s, which was significantly shorter than patients with symptomatic epilepsy (QTc = 0.410 +/- 0.027s, p = 0.015). The mean QTc of the same subjects showed no significant interobserver difference (p=0.661). This study, for the first time, demonstrates that epilepsy patients have a significantly shorter QTc than controls, particularly in the subgroup of patients with cryptogenic epilepsy.
    Study site: Neurology clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/physiopathology*
  9. Fulltext Epilepsy surgery on dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours
    Sayuthi S, Tharakan J, George J, Pieter MS, Salmah WM, Madhavan M, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):374-6.
    PMID: 17240596 MyJurnal
    Two rare cases of intractable epilepsy caused by Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumours (DNET) are reported and their different management discussed. The first case required vagal nerve stimulation and radiosurgery while the later was operated with the help of neuronavigation. Both had good outcome according to Engel classification after a one year follow up.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/etiology*; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery*
  10. Fulltext High-flux haemodialysis treatment as treatment for carbamazepine intoxication
    Koh KH, Tan HH
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Mar;61(1):109-11.
    PMID: 16708747 MyJurnal
    Acute severe intoxication with carbamazepine is associated with seizures, coma and respiratory depression. Traditionally, charcoal haemoperfusion is used to remove the drug. We present a case of carbamazepine intoxication, successfully treated with three hours of high-flux haemodialysis. Thus, haemodialysis using high-flux membranes is a feasible and effective therapeutic option for carbamazepine intoxication.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy
  11. Fulltext The Association Between Bullous Pemphigoid and Neurological Disorders in A Selected Malaysian Population
    Kwan Z, Lai YN, Ch'ng CC, Tan AH, Tan LL, Robinson S, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2015 Apr;70(2):81-5.
    PMID: 26162382 MyJurnal
    BACKGROUND: An association of bullous pemphigoid with neurological disorders has been reported. The objectives of this study were to review the clinical characteristics of patients with bullous pemphigoid and compare the association between bullous pemphigoid and various neurological disorders and comorbidities.

    METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study involving 43 patients with bullous pemphigoid and 43 age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls.

    RESULTS: There was a statistically significant association between bullous pemphigoid and neurological disorders [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.3 to 9.2, p=0.011 and adjusted OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.2-10.3, p=0.026], in particular for dementia (p=0.002). Although stroke was more common among patients with bullous pemphigoid, this association was not statistically significant with OR of 1.9 (95% CI 0.7 to 5.2) and adjusted OR of 2.1 (95% CI 0.6 to 7.2). Similarly both ischaemic stroke (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 4.2) and haemorrhagic stroke (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 9.7) were more common. Other neurological disorders more common among patients with bullous pemphigoid were Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Dyslipidaemia was significantly less common among patients with bullous pemphigoid (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9, p=0.033).

    CONCLUSION: A combination of an inflammatory process, prothrombotic state and endothelial activation leads to an increased frequency of neurological disorders among patients with bullous pemphigoid. Thus, a holistic approach to patient care, including screening for dementia and control of comorbidities, should be practised as bullous pemphigoid affects more than just the skin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy
  12. Fulltext Lamotrigine as an add-on therapy in intractable paediatric epilepsy--the Kuala Lumpur Hospital experience
    Vigneswari G, Sofiah A, Hussain IHMI
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Sep;56(3):359-64.
    PMID: 11732083
    An observational study of all children with intractable epilepsy at the Paediatric Institute prescribed Lamotrigine as an add-on therapy between January 1994 and November 1998 was conducted. A total of 30 children were recruited. Three had adverse effects to the drug and it was withdrawn. Of the remaining 27, there were 20 boys and 7 girls, ranging from 2 to 17 years. Fifteen children had generalised epilepsy, 6 had partial epilepsy, 2 had West syndrome and 4 had Lennox Gastaut syndrome. Six children (20%) became seizure free, and 14 (54%) had a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. However 7 children (23%) did not respond and 3 experienced a deterioration in seizure severity. Nine children were noted to have an improvement in alertness and behaviour. Our small series suggests that Lamotrigine is useful as add-on therapy in childhood intractable epilepsy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/drug therapy*; Epilepsy/physiopathology*
  13. Fulltext The EEG and epilepsy in Kelantan--a hospital/laboratory-based study
    Win MN
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):153-9.
    PMID: 8350790
    Five hundred and ninety three cases of clinically diagnosed and suspected epilepsy were analysed as regards to the EEG (standard scalp electrode recording) features for confirmation and typing. Fifty-five per cent of all clinically diagnosed adult epileptics were confirmed by the EEG with the initial record, and the EEG confirmatory rate in children was higher at 92%. The frequency of generalised epilepsy as confirmed by the EEG was found to be 86% in adults and 92% in children, reflecting a higher proportion of generalised epilepsy in the population than reported elsewhere. Clinical diagnosis of partial epilepsy was often subsequently shown to be of generalised type on EEG.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy, Generalized/classification; Epilepsy, Generalized/diagnosis*
  14. Fulltext Psychomotor epilepsy with rare psychiatric manifestations
    Mazumdar PK
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Mar;50(1):114-5.
    PMID: 7752965
    A rare case of complex partial seizure (psychomotor epilepsy) with varying shades of psychiatric manifestations is presented. The highlights are multiplicity of its manifestation in the same case, its interchanging pattern and the variable durations. This gray area of psychiatry and neurology is discussed with special reference to diagnosis and management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy, Complex Partial/diagnosis; Epilepsy, Complex Partial/psychology*; Epilepsy, Complex Partial/therapy
  15. Fulltext Childhood epilepsy: what parents know, believe and do
    Norzila MZ, Azizi BH, Motilal R
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):60-3.
    PMID: 10968054
    This was a descriptive study to assess parents' knowledge of epilepsy in their children at the Klinik Pakar Pediatrik in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia from 1.1.93-31.6.93. Factors that influence the level of knowledge were examined. Our hypothesis was that the level of knowledge was low and level of education and social factors were important. Fifty consecutive parents were interviewed during the clinic appointments. The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions which had been used in a survey on epilepsy in Australia. In order to cater for the local population the questions were modified by adding new questions pertaining to local situation. The results showed that 90% (45/50) of parents were unaware of the type of epilepsy their children were suffering from. 50% (25/50) of parents knew the underlying cause of epilepsy of which 32% (8/25) attributed it to brain disease, 8% (2/25) to birth defects and 10% (3/25) to fever. Factors such as duration of epilepsy, parental education and racial differences between Malay and other races (Chinese, Indians) did not reach any statistical significance (p > 0.05). 80% of patients (30/50) were on monotherapy. However, 90% (45/50) of parents were unaware of their children's medications. 82% of parents (31/50) knew that the anti-convulsants would only control their children's convulsions. Only 10% (8/50) of parents knew the acute management of seizures. Wrong practices such as inserting spoons (5/50) or massaging their limbs (17/50) during an acute attack were still common. 70% of parents (35/50) attended the follow-up clinics hoping that their children's epilepsy would be cured. Parents with low economic status and of children with duration of epilepsy of less than five years had been coming to the clinic regularly. (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively). In conclusion, the overall knowledge of these parents was poor. In order to improve the management of epilepsy, it is necessary to educate parents with reading materials and effective educational packages.
    Study site: Paediatric clinic, Institut Pediatrik, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/drug therapy*
  16. DE WITT GF,+DEWITT GF: ACTIVITY OF GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
    CHING CK
    Med J Malaysia, 1963 Sep;18:8-12.
    PMID: 14064302
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy*
  17. The psychiatric aspects of epilepsy
    Teoh JI
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Sep;28(1):8-15.
    PMID: 4273788
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/classification*; Epilepsy/complications
  18. Fulltext Clinical characteristics and demographic profile of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at child development clinic (CDC), Penang Hospital, Malaysia
    Sathyabama R
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 Oct;74(5):372-376.
    PMID: 31649211
    OBJECTIVE: To explore socio-demographics and clinical characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at Child Development Clinic (CDC), Penang Hospital.

    STUDY DESIGN: A record review study of 331 children with ASD attending CDC, Penang Hospital from September 2013 to April 2017.

    RESULTS: Out of 331 children with ASD, 82.5% were males, 17.5% females, with male to female ratio of 4.7:1. Mean age at consultation was 5 years and 6 months (SD 31.68 months) with age range from 19 months to 18 years and 4 months. 85.8% were term infants with normal birth weight. History of speech regression was noted in 14.8%, epilepsy and genetic disorders in 9.4% and 5.7% respectively. Sleep problems was reported in 29.3%, dietary issues 22.1%, challenging behaviour 24.2% and ADHD 14.2%. Mean age of the father and mother at birth was 33.6 and 31.6 years respectively.

    CONCLUSION: In this study, we report a higher male to female ratio and mean age at referral with some similar rates of neurodevelopmental and medical comorbidities and relatively younger parental age with higher parental education levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy
  19. Autopsy findings of SUDEP in adolescence
    Afandi D, Romus I
    Malays J Pathol, 2018 Aug;40(2):185-189.
    PMID: 30173237
    Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare in children; the risk of SUDEP in children is up to 10-fold less than adults. Herein, we report a case of SUDEP in a 14-year-old boy. The post-mortem findings in neuropathological examination in SUDEP are not pathognomonic. Tongue and lip bites marks are only an indication of a seizure before death. Basically, there are no lesions that could explain the incidence of seizures before death. However, post-mortem examination is mandatory in order to determine the diagnosis of SUDEP. Autopsy, histopathological, and toxicologic examinations and a proper medical history of epilepsy are required to come to diagnosis of SUDEP. This case report further demonstrates the importance of medicolegal autopsy in allegedly dead victims.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy/complications*
  20. Fulltext Recent Updates in Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Potential of Centella asiatica
    Lokanathan Y, Omar N, Ahmad Puzi NN, Saim A, Hj Idrus R
    Malays J Med Sci, 2016 Jan;23(1):4-14.
    PMID: 27540320 MyJurnal
    Centella asiatica, locally well known in Malaysia as pegaga, is a traditional herb that has been used widely in Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and in the traditional medicine of other Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia. Although consumption of the plant is indicated for various illnesses, its potential neuroprotective properties have been well studied and documented. In addition to past studies, recent studies also discovered and/or reconfirmed that C. asiatica acts as an antioxidant, reducing the effect of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. At the in vitro level, C. asiatica promotes dendrite arborisation and elongation, and also protects the neurons from apoptosis. In vivo studies have shown that the whole extract and also individual compounds of C. asiatica have a protective effect against various neurological diseases. Most of the in vivo studies on neuroprotective effects have focused on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, learning and memory enhancement, neurotoxicity and other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, and epilepsy. Recent studies have embarked on finding the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection by C. asiatica extract. However, the capability of C. asiatica in enhancing neuroregeneration has not been studied much and is limited to the regeneration of crushed sciatic nerves and protection from neuronal injury in hypoxia conditions. More studies are still needed to identify the compounds and the mechanism of action of C. asiatica that are particularly involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Furthermore, the extraction method, biochemical profile and dosage information of the C. asiatica extract need to be standardised to enhance the economic value of this traditional herb and to accelerate the entry of C. asiatica extracts into modern medicine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epilepsy
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