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  1. Validity and reliability of the english version of the sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) in Malaysia
    Wan Wahida WMZ, Lai PSM, Abdul Hadi H
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2017 Apr;18:55-58.
    PMID: 29132739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.02.001
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Several questionnaires to screen for eating disorders have been validated in Malaysia. However, these tools are lengthy, and require specialist interpretation. The sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) is easy to administer by non-specialists, but has not been validated in Malaysia. Therefore, the aim of our study was to validate the SCOFF on a non-clinical sample of tertiary students to determine if it could identify individuals with an eating disorder.
    METHODS: We recruited second year tertiary students from five faculties in a university in Malaysia, from June-November 2014, who could understand English. The SCOFF and the EAT-26 were administered at baseline. Two weeks later, the SCOFF was re-administered to assess for reliability.
    RESULTS: A total of 292 students were approached, and all agreed to participate (response rate = 100%). There was moderate correlation between the total SCOFF score with the EAT-26's dieting domain (spearman's rho = 0.504, p < 0.001), bulimia and food preoccupation domain (spearman's rho = 0.438, p < 0.001), and total score (spearman's rho = 0.483, p < 0.001). The internal consistency of the SCOFF was low (Cronbach alpha = 0.470). At retest, kappa scores ranged from 0.211 to 0.591. The sensitivity of the SCOFF was 77.4%, and its specificity was 60.5%. The positive predictive value was 18.9%, and its negative predictive value was 95.8%.
    CONCLUSIONS: The SCOFF was found to have adequate convergent validity and stable reliability. However, its internal consistency was low. The SCOFF can still be used in clinical practice. However, its positive results should be interpreted with caution due to its low positive predictive value.
    KEYWORDS: Eating disorder; Malaysia; SCOFF; Sensitivity; Specificity; Validation
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis*; Feeding and Eating Disorders/prevention & control
  2. Fulltext Cross-Cultural Adaptation And Validation Of The Bahasa Malaysia Version Of The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (Ede-Q)
    Ramli, M., Jamaiyah, H., Noor Azimah, M., Khairani, O., Adam, B.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;17(2):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: As eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and others are generally becoming more prevalent, it is essential to have a culturally accepted and locally validated questionnaire that is able to detect abnormal eating habits. Objective: To translate the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) into Bahasa Malaysia (BM) and to determine the construct validity, reliability and other psychometric properties of the BM version. Method: Two parallel forward and backward translations were done in BM in accordance to guideline. Its validation was determined by using confirmatory factor analysis among 298 secondary school children. Results: The BM EDE-Q had very good internal consistency with global Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.879. For construct validity, majority of the items managed to produce values of more than 0.4 for confirmatory factor analysis with four unforced distinct factors detected. Conclusions: Analyses of reliability and validity of this BM version of EDE-Q yielded satisfactory results. The BM version produced in this study had good psychometric properties and it is applicable to the Malaysian population. Findings indicated that cultural factors in eating habits certainly influences the effort to adapt the questionnaire within a Malaysian setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  3. Disordered eating and its association with overweight and health-related quality of life among adolescents in selected high schools of Tehran
    Jalali-Farahani S, Chin YS, Mohd Nasir MT, Amiri P
    Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2015 Jun;46(3):485-92.
    PMID: 25173517 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0489-8
    This study aimed to determine the association between disordered eating and overweight and also health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among adolescents in high schools of Tehran. The participants were 465 adolescents, aged 14-17 years. After anthropometric measurements, body mass index-for-age and body weight status were determined using World Health Organization cut offs. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™4.0) were used to assess disordered eating and HRQOL, respectively. Disordered eating was prevalent in 18.9% of adolescents, with higher prevalence in girls (26.4%) compared to boys (11.8%; χ(2):16.29, p < 0.05). Disordered eating was associated with overweight in girls (χ(2) = 11.07, p < 0.05), but not in boys (χ(2) = 2.01, p = 0.16). Disordered eating was associated with poor HRQOL especially in psychosocial domains of HRQOL. Considering the high prevalence of disordered eating and its association with overweight and poor HRQOL, preventive interventions targeting adolescents are recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology*
  4. Fulltext Parental concern of feeding difficulty predicts poor growth status in their child
    Lee WS, Tee CW, Tan AG, Wong SY, Chew KS, Cheang HK, et al.
    Pediatr Neonatol, 2019 12;60(6):676-683.
    PMID: 31056340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.04.004
    BACKGROUND: Parents often express concerns about feeding difficulties in their child. We hypothesized that these parental concerns were associated with adverse growth status in early childhood. We aimed to determine the prevalence of such concerns and whether these concerns were associated with adverse growth status in early childhood.

    METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study among healthy children aged 12-36 months attending three well-baby clinics in three urban areas in Malaysia and Singapore between December 2016 and February 2017. Parents were interviewed for concerns about their child's feeding and presence of behavioral and organic red flags for feeding difficulties. We defined growth faltering as weight-for-age < 3rd centile and short stature as height-for-age < 3rd centile according to World Health Organization Growth Standards.

    RESULTS: Of the 303 children studied (boys = 160, 52.8%; mean [± SD] chronological age at interview 21.3 [± 4.0] months), 13% (n = 38/292) had growth faltering and 19.5% (n = 50/256) had short stature. Overall, 36.3% (n = 110) of parents expressed concerns about their child's feeding behavior. Sixty-eight percent (n = 206) of parents reported presence of at least one behavioral and 18.5% (n = 56) had at least one organic red flag for feeding difficulties, respectively. 9.9% (n = 30) had both behavioral and organic red flags for feeding difficulties. Growth faltering was significantly associated with parental concern about feeding (odds ratio [OR] 3.049, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood/complications*
  5. Fulltext Transverse myelopathy and hyperphagia in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report
    Chong YH, Cheong I
    Med J Malaysia, 1985 Dec;40(4):333-4.
    PMID: 3870350
    We report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by transverse myelopathy and hyperphagia. To our knowledge the latter has not been reported before.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/etiology*
  6. Fulltext A Case Report of Steroid Withdrawal Syndrome
    Wahab F, Rahman RA, Yaacob LH, Noor NM, Draman N
    Korean J Fam Med, 2020 Sep;41(5):359-362.
    PMID: 32961047 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.18.0181
    We report a case of steroid withdrawal syndrome in a 74-year-old woman who was suspected of having an occult exogenous Cushing's syndrome secondary to prolonged traditional complementary medicine use. She presented with non-specific symptoms of lethargy, malaise, and poor oral intake with weight loss for 1 month, and investigations showed suboptimal 9 AM cortisol level. She has responded well to steroid replacement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  7. A brief report of two cases of chondro-osteo-dystrophy
    GUNN DR
    Med J Malaya, 1954 Sep;9(1):84-90.
    PMID: 13213457
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders*
  8. Is thin in everywhere?: A cross-cultural comparison of a subsection of Tripartite Influence Model in Australia and Malaysia
    Shagar PS, Donovan CL, Loxton N, Boddy J, Harris N
    Appetite, 2019 03 01;134:59-68.
    PMID: 30586595 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.025
    Despite growing research investigating prevalence rates of BD among Malaysian women, there has been limited research conducted in Malaysia with respect to factors contributing to its development and consequences. This study tested a subsection of the Tripartite Influence Model, investigating whether sociocultural influences (family, peers, media) lead to thin ideal internalization, which in turn lead to body dissatisfaction (BD) and subsequently restrained eating and bulimic behaviours in both Australian and Malaysian women. Participants were 421 Australian and 399 Malaysian female emerging adults aged between 18 and 25 years, (M = 20.76; SD = 2.86) who completed questionnaires assessing sociocultural influences, thin ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, restrained eating and bulimic behaviours. The model, largely supported in both cultures, had two points of difference. For Malaysian but not Australian women, family influence was significantly linked with internalization of the thin ideal. Although BD was significantly linked with restrained eating as predicted for Australian women (albeit rather weakly), it was not significantly linked with restrained eating for Malaysian women. The striking similarity of results across both cultures, suggests that Western body ideals, with their corresponding negative sequelae, have infiltrated the collectivist and developing nation of Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  9. Psychological distress as a mediator in the relationships between biopsychosocial factors and disordered eating among Malaysian university students
    Gan WY, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS
    Appetite, 2012 Dec;59(3):679-87.
    PMID: 22885453 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.002
    The mechanism linking biopsychosocial factors to disordered eating among university students is not well understood especially among Malaysians. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationships between biopsychosocial factors and disordered eating among Malaysian university students. A self-administered questionnaire measured self-esteem, body image, social pressures to be thin, weight-related teasing, psychological distress, and disordered eating in 584 university students (59.4% females and 40.6% males). Body weight and height were measured. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the partial mediation model provided good fit to the data. Specifically, the relationships between self-esteem and weight-related teasing with disordered eating were mediated by psychological distress. In contrast, only direct relationships between body weight status, body image, and social pressures to be thin with disordered eating were found and were not mediated by psychological distress. Furthermore, multigroup analyses indicated that the model was equivalent for both genders but not for ethnic groups. There was a negative relationship between body weight status and psychological distress for Chinese students, whereas this was not the case among Malay students. Intervention and prevention programs on psychological distress may be beneficial in reducing disordered eating among Malaysian university students.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/ethnology; Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology*
  10. Direct and indirect effects of sociocultural influences on disordered eating among Malaysian male and female university students. A mediation analysis of psychological distress
    Gan WY, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS
    Appetite, 2011 Jun;56(3):778-83.
    PMID: 21435366 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.005
    This study aimed to examine the role of psychological distress in the relationships between sociocultural influences (social pressure to be thin and weight teasing) and disordered eating. Data were collected from 584 university students (59.4% females and 40.6% males), aged 18-24 years old (M=20.6, SD=1.4), selected from four universities in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants completed four standardized questionnaires which measured social pressure to be thin, weight-related teasing, psychological distress and disordered eating. A good fit structural equation modeling (SEM) model was developed for both sexes. For males, the SEM model revealed that sociocultural influences showed an indirect effect on disordered eating through psychological distress. For females, the model showed an indirect effect of sociocultural influences on disordered eating through psychological distress, as well as a direct effect of sociocultural influences on disordered eating. In conclusion, psychological distress mediated the relationships between sociocultural influences and disordered eating in both males and females. Our results suggest that disordered eating intervention programs on reducing psychological distress in university students may be beneficial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/complications; Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology*
  11. The treatment of amoebiasis with metronidazole in Malaysia
    O'Holohan DR, Hugoe-Mathews J
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1970 Dec;64(4):475-9.
    PMID: 5276552
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/chemically induced
  12. Fulltext Eating Behaviour among Disabled Athletes in Malaysia
    Manaf H, Nor NM, Azhari NAM, Ismut NRA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2019 May;26(3):129-134.
    PMID: 31303857 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.3.11
    Background: Nutrition has always been associated with eating behaviour. The eating behaviour can impact not only the normal population but also athletes' population including disabled athletes too. Athletes have a higher tendency to unhealthy eating behaviour due to intense pressure and competitive environment in sports. It is important to identify the types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes to prevent eating disorder that could affect their performance. Thus, this study aims to identify the types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes in Malaysia.

    Methods: This study involved 93 disabled athletes in Malaysia. The setting of the study is at National Sports Council, Malaysia. The data obtained are analysed using chi-square test using SPSS.

    Results: This study shows that the most common types of eating behaviour among disabled athletes are emotional eating (37.6%), followed by uncontrolled eating (34.3%) and cognitive restraint (28%). Most of the overweight and obese disabled athletes are prone to emotional eating (19.4%) as compared to non-overweight athletes (18.3%).

    Conclusion: As a conclusion, recognising the eating behaviour in disabled athletes is important as more effective and innovative interventions and measures can be undertaken to prevent eating disorder which can enhance sports performance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  13. Adsorbed CO at polycrystalline copper in phosphate buffered solution
    Jumat Salimon
    Sains Malaysiana, 2007;36:27-32.
    The adsorption of CO at polycrystalline copper surface was investigated spectroscopically. It was found that CO adsorbed as a linear adsorbed CO, Cu-COL and was a dominant species on copper surface at low CO concentration. A Cu-COL was electrochemically converted to a bridge bonded CO, Cu-COB at a high CO concentration condition. Increasing the CO surface coverage, qCO will increase the formation of adsorbed bridge bonded CO. A nitrogen gas purging treatment was used to examine the stability of an adsorbed CO through the evacuation process. The result showed that Cu-COB remained intact while Cu-COL was completely removed from the copper surface. It suggests that Cu-COL may involve in a weak bonding to a copper surface such as in a physisorbed interaction, while Cu-COB consists much stronger bonding such as a chemisorbed interaction. The N2 purging treatment also gave an additional prove that Cu-COB was partly converted to Cu(I)-CO at anodic potential regions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  14. Fulltext Intestinal parasitic infections among children in central Albania
    Sejdini A, Mahmud R, Lim YA, Mahdy M, Sejdini F, Gjoni V, et al.
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2011 Apr;105(3):241-50.
    PMID: 21801503 DOI: 10.1179/136485911X12987676649584
    Although intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) among children remain a global issue, the current information on such infections in Albanian children is very limited. A cross-sectional study of the IPI in 321 children living in the Albanian counties of Tirana (152) and Elbasan (169) was therefore conducted in 2008, with a pre-tested standard questionnaire employed to gather the relevant personal and clinical data. Using formalin-ether concentration and permanent stains, stool samples were examined microscopically for the ova, cysts and oocysts of any parasites. The overall prevalence of IPI was 19% (61 of 321), with protozoan infections (11·5%) apparently more common than infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STH; 8·1%). Giardia duodenalis was the parasite most frequently detected (10·9%), followed by hookworm (5·6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1·9%), Trichuris trichiura (0·6%), Cryptosporidium (0·3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (0·3%). The results of a univariate analysis indicated that the children from Tirana county were significantly more likely to be found infected with STH compared with the children from Elbasan county (12·5% v. 4·1%; P=0·006). Children sampled in the community were also more likely to be found STH-positive than the children sampled as they attended hospitals and health clinics (10·5% v. 6·0%) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The children found STH-positive were five times more likely to be suffering from diarrhoea than the other children checked in clinical settings (P=0·004) and were also more likely to be suffering from abdominal pain (P=0·054) and/or diminished appetite (P=0·016).
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology; Feeding and Eating Disorders/parasitology
  15. Fulltext Development of multi-dimensional body image scale for malaysian female adolescents
    Chin YS, Taib MN, Shariff ZM, Khor GL
    Nutr Res Pract, 2008;2(2):85-92.
    PMID: 20126371 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2008.2.2.85
    The present study was conducted to develop a Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale for Malaysian female adolescents. Data were collected among 328 female adolescents from a secondary school in Kuantan district, state of Pahang, Malaysia by using a self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The self-administered questionnaire comprised multiple measures of body image, Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory (Rosenberg, 1965). The 152 items from selected multiple measures of body image were examined through factor analysis and for internal consistency. Correlations between Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale and body mass index (BMI), risk of eating disorders and self-esteem were assessed for construct validity. A seven factor model of a 62-item Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale for Malaysian female adolescents with construct validity and good internal consistency was developed. The scale encompasses 1) preoccupation with thinness and dieting behavior, 2) appearance and body satisfaction, 3) body importance, 4) muscle increasing behavior, 5) extreme dieting behavior, 6) appearance importance, and 7) perception of size and shape dimensions. Besides, a multidimensional body image composite score was proposed to screen negative body image risk in female adolescents. The result found body image was correlated with BMI, risk of eating disorders and self-esteem in female adolescents. In short, the present study supports a multi-dimensional concept for body image and provides a new insight into its multi-dimensionality in Malaysian female adolescents with preliminary validity and reliability of the scale. The Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale can be used to identify female adolescents who are potentially at risk of developing body image disturbance through future intervention programs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  16. Eating Disorder Among Malaysian University Students and Its Associated Factors
    Chan YL, Samy AL, Tong WT, Islam MA, Low WY
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2020 08 13;32(6-7):334-339.
    PMID: 32787612 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520947879
    Eating disorder is highly prevalent among university students worldwide. However, in Malaysia, studies on eating disorder is scanty and were mostly conducted among medical students. A stratified cluster sampling was used to recruit participants in a university based in Kuala Lumpur. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1017/1132 students (response rate: 89.8%). The questionnaires administered was a combination of the Eating Attitude Test-26 and items related to perceived body weight, body mass index, trying to weight loss, tobacco use, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Descriptive analyses were performed to provide background information of at-risk students by gender. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors of eating disorder. The results showed that 13.9% of the university students were at risk of eating disorder. Students who were trying to lose weight and had posttraumatic stress disorder predicted eating disorder. Hence, eating disorder among university students merits attention and requires implementations of public health policies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology*
  17. Fulltext SELF – ESTEEM AND PERFECTIONISM AS PREDICTORS OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    NIK RUSELINDA YUSOFF, MADIHAH SHUKRI
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(4):115-122.
    MyJurnal
    This study examined the predictive effect of self – esteem and perfectionism on eating disorders among university students. A total of 327 respondents (15.4% male and 84.6% female) participated in this research, recruited using simple random sampling method. Self – esteem was measured using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, perfectionism was measured using Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and eating disorder was measured using Eating Attitudes Test. There was a significant gender difference in eating disorders, t(376) = -2.909, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  18. Fulltext RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY DISSATISFACTION ANDEATING DISORDER OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    TUAN NOR ATIQAH SYAFIQAH TUAN ABD AZIZ, MADIHAH SHUKRI
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(2):36-40.
    MyJurnal
    This study examined the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder of undergraduate students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Using stratified random sampling technique, data from 299 respondents was gathered. Body dissatisfaction was measured using Body Shape Questionnaire while eating disorders were assessed using Eating Attitudes Test. Descriptive statistics showed thatthe majority of the respondents reported no symptom of body dissatisfaction. With regard to eating disorders, respondents reported low levels of dieting, bulimia and oral control, indicating that an eating disorder in this sample was somewhat low. T-test analyses showed that there were no significant gender differences in body dissatisfaction as well as in eating disorders. However, there was evidence to suggest that female respondents had slightly higher level of eating disorder than males. Results of Pearsoncorrelations showed there was significant relationship between body dissatisfaction and total score of eating disorders, dieting, bulimia and oral control subtypes (r = .58, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  19. Fulltext Aphagia in frontal lobe syndrome following traumatic brain injury: Delightful lessons from olanzapine treatment
    Ahmedy F, Loo JL, Mazlan M
    Indian J Psychiatry, 2020 12 12;62(6):732-733.
    PMID: 33896983 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_334_19
    A case of persistent aphagia in frontal lobe syndrome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) with successful use of olanzapine to improve the eating disorder is presented. A 20-year-old man suffered a severe TBI with right frontal intracerebral haemorrhage At four-month post-TBI, he had agitation, concurrent apathy with constant refusal for oral swallow despite gustatory sensory stimulation, hence the needs for nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding. He was diagnosed with frontal lobe syndrome and prescribed olanzapine 5mg daily that was optimised to 10mg due to worsened aggression. One month later, the aggression reduced with gradual improvement in oral intake. Percutaneous enterogastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion was cancelled and the NGT was sucessfully removed. Olanzapine prescription in this case improved aggression and aphagia simultaneously. Although olanzapine is proven beneficial and surgical intervention for long-term enteral feeding was avoided in this case, its usage requires judicious judgement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders
  20. Fulltext COVID-19-Related Stress and Anxiety, Body Mass Index, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Body Image in Women from Poland: A Cluster Analysis Approach
    Czepczor-Bernat K, Swami V, Modrzejewska A, Modrzejewska J
    Nutrients, 2021 Apr 20;13(4).
    PMID: 33924010 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041384
    To limit the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), many countries have introduced mandated lockdown or social distancing measures. Although these measures may be successful against COVID-19 transmission, the pandemic and attendant restrictions are a source of chronic and severe stress and anxiety which may contribute to the emergence or worsening of symptoms of eating disorders and the development of negative body image. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to: (1) classify different conditions associated with COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status; and (2) analyze and compare the severity of dimensions typically related to eating disorders symptomatology and body image in individuals with different COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status. Polish women (N = 671, Mage = 32.50 ± 11.38) completed measures of COVID-19-related stress and anxiety along with body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia symptomatology subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory, and the appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and body areas satisfaction subscales of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. The following four clusters were identified through cluster analysis: (a) Cluster 1 (N = 269), healthy body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 3.06) and anxiety (M = 2.96); (b) Cluster 2 (N = 154), healthy body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.43) and anxiety (M = 5.29); (c) Cluster 3 (N = 127), excess body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.23) and anxiety (M = 5.35); (d) Cluster 4 (N = 121), excess body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 2.69) and anxiety (M = 2.83). Our results showed that Clusters 3 and 4 had significantly greater body dissatisfaction and lower appearance evaluation and body areas satisfaction than Clusters 1 and 2. Cluster 3 also had a significantly higher level of drive for thinness, bulimia, and overweight preoccupation than Clusters 1 and 2. These preliminary findings may mean that the COVID-19 pandemic and attendant anxiety and stress caused by the pandemic are exacerbating symptoms of eating disorders and negative body image, with women with excess weight particularly at risk.
    Matched MeSH terms: Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology*; Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology
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