MyMedR

Glucose phosphate isomerase heterophenotypes in the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi from peninsular Malaysia

Yong HS, Mak JW

Experientia, 1984 Aug 15;40(8):833-4.

Glucose phosphate isomerase of subperiodic Brugia malayi was studied by horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Two heterophenotypes, each represented by 3 bands of enzyme activity, were found among 38 parasites studied. This finding is attributed to the occurrence of 2 Gpi gene loci.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/enzymology*

Histochemical differentiation of Brugia, Wuchereria, Dirofilaria and Breinlia microfilariae

Yen PK, Mak JW

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1978 Apr;72(2):157-62.

PMID: 666387

Histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in microfilariae gives sufficiently characteristic and consistent results for the differentiation of even closely related species. No difference could be detected among nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic Brugia malayi, but they could readily be distinguished from B. pahangi. Similarly, Dirofilaria repens could be readily distinguished from D. immitis and B. booliati from B. sergenti. The enzyme distribution pattern of a Malaysian rural strain of Wuchereria bancrofti was different from those of other regions.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/classification*; Filarioidea/enzymology

Identification of some common infective filarial larvae in Malaysia

Yen PK, Zaman V, Mak JW

J Helminthol, 1982 Mar;56(1):69-80.

PMID: 7069185

Infective larvae of Wuchereria, Brugia, Breinlia, Dirofilaria and Setaria species from an experimental vector, Aedes togoi, are compared. The distinctive bubble-like caudal papillae of Wuchereria bancrofti are readily distinguishable from the protuberant ones of Brugia spp; the 'ear-like' papillae of Breinlia are distinct from the 'knob-like' ones of Dirofilaria or the 'thorn-like' terminal papilla of Setaria.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification*

A parasitological study of Pulau Pinang and Pulau Perhentian Kechil, off Trengganu, West Malaysia. I. Malaria and filariasis

Yap LF, Ramachandran CP, Balasingam E

Med J Malaya, 1968 Dec;23(2):118-22.

PMID: 4240821

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Fulltext A combined human case of Dirofilaria ursi infection in dorsal subcutaneous tissue and Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) infection in ventral subcutaneous tissue

Yamada M, Shishito N, Nozawa Y, Uni S, Nishioka K, Nakaya T

Trop Med Health, 2017;45:26.

PMID: 29118653 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0067-4

Background: Dirofilaria ursi is a filarial nematode that parasitizes the subcutaneous tissues of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) and Japanese black bear (Ursus thiabetanus japonicus). D. ursi that has parasitized black bears has the potential to subsequently infect humans. In addition, extra-gastrointestinal anisakiasis is less common in Japan.

Case presentation: We report a case of ventral subcutaneous anisakiasis and dorsal subcutaneous dirofilariasis that was acquired in Fukushima, in the northern part of Japan. The patient was an 83-year-old Japanese female, and subcutaneous parasitic granulomas were present on her left abdomen (near the navel) and left scapula. A pathological examination of the surgically dissected tissue sections from each region demonstrated eosinophilic granulomas containing different species of parasites. To enable the morphological and molecular identification of these parasites, DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded sections using DEXPAT reagent, and the cytochrome oxidase 2 (COX2), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S and ITS2 regions of the Anisakis larvae, and the 5S rRNA region of the male Dirofilaria were sequenced. The PCR products were examined and compared with DNA databases. Molecular analysis of the COX2 and 5S rRNA sequences of each worm revealed that the nematode found in the ventral region belonged to Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and the male Dirofilaria found in the dorsal region was classified as D. ursi.

Conclusion: The present case showed a combined human case of D. ursi and A. simplex s.s. infections in subcutaneous tissues. The results of this study will contribute to the identification of unknown parasites in histological sections.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea

On a new species of Icosiella Seurat, 1917 from Malaya with a key to the species of Icosiella

YUEN PH

J Helminthol, 1962;36:237-42.

PMID: 14009445

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Brugia infections in man and animals: long-term observations on microfilaraemia and estimates of the efficiency of transmission from mosquito vector to definitive host

Wilson T, Ramachandran CP

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1971 Dec;65(4):525-46.

PMID: 4401424

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development; Filarioidea/isolation & purification; Filarioidea/pathogenicity

Fulltext An example of Filariasis control from West Malaysia

Wilson T

Bull World Health Organ, 1969;41(2):324-9.

PMID: 5308708

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea

Fulltext Bionomics of important mosquito vectors in Malaysia

Vythilingam I, Chiang GL, Lee HL, Singh KI

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Dec;23(4):587-603.

PMID: 1363679

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/physiology*

Acanthocheilonema delicata n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Japanese badgers (Meles anakuma): description, molecular identification, and Wolbachia screening

Uni S, Bain O, Suzuki K, Agatsuma T, Harada M, Motokawa M, et al.

Parasitol Int, 2013 Feb;62(1):14-23.

PMID: 22926421 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.08.004

Acanthocheilonema delicata n. sp. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae: Onchocercinae) is described based on adult filarioids and microfilariae obtained from subcutaneous connective tissues and skin, respectively, of Japanese badgers (Meles anakuma) in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. No endemic species of the genus had been found in Japan. Recently, some filarioids (e.g., Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Dirofilaria spp., and Onchocerca spp.) have come to light as causative agents of zoonosis worldwide. The new species was readily distinguished from its congeners by morphologic characteristics such as body length, body width, esophagus length, spicule length, and the length of microfilariae. Based on the molecular data of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, A. delicata n. sp. was included in the clade of the genus Acanthocheilonema but differed from two other congeneric species available for study, A. viteae and A. reconditum. Acanthocheilonema delicata n. sp. did not harbor Wolbachia. It is likely that the fauna of filarioids from mammals on the Japanese islands is characterized by a high level of endemicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification; Filarioidea/genetics*; Filarioidea/microbiology*; Filarioidea/ultrastructure

Fulltext Infective larvae of Cercopithifilaria spp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from hard ticks (Ixodidae) recovered from the Japanese serow (Bovidae)

Uni S, Bain O, Fujita H, Matsubayashi M, Fukuda M, Takaoka H

Parasite, 2013;20:1.

PMID: 23340227 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012001

Hard ticks taken from the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus, in Yamagata Prefecture, Honshu, harboured infective larvae of onchocercid filariae after incubation from the 22nd to the 158th day. Haemaphysalis flava and H. japonica contained one to eight filarial larvae; females, males and a nymph of the ticks were infected. The 44 infective larvae recovered were 612-1,370 μm long, and 11 of them, 930-1,340 μm long, were studied in detail. The larvae possessed the morphologic characteristics of the larvae of the genus Cercopithifilaria, namely an oesophagus with a posterior glandular part, no buccal capsule and a long tail with three terminal lappets. Five types (A to E) of infective larvae were identified based on the morphologic characteristics. While to date five species of Cercopithifilaria have been described from the Japanese serow, a specific identification of the larvae found in this study was generally not possible. Only type E larvae could be tentatively assigned to Cercopithifilaria tumidicervicata, as they had a cervical swelling similar to that of the adults of this species. A key for the identification of the five larval types is presented. The study presents circumstantial evidences indicating that H. flava and H. japonica may transmit Cercopithifilaria spp. to Japanese serows. It also suggests the possibility that such filarial larvae will be found in hard ticks anywhere, because Cercopithifilaria is distributed worldwide, though this genus generally goes unnoticed, as its microfilariae occur in the skin, not in the blood, of host animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification; Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Fulltext Morphological and molecular characteristics of Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia) in Peninsular Malaysia

Uni S, Mat Udin AS, Agatsuma T, Saijuntha W, Junker K, Ramli R, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2017 Apr 20;10(1):194.

PMID: 28427478 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2105-9

BACKGROUND: The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927) and B. timori Partono, Purnomo, Dennis, Atmosoedjono, Oemijati & Cross, 1977 cause lymphatic diseases in humans in the tropics, while B. pahangi (Buckley & Edeson, 1956) infects carnivores and causes zoonotic diseases in humans in Malaysia. Wuchereria bancrofti, W. kalimantani Palmieri, Pulnomo, Dennis & Marwoto, 1980 and six out of ten Brugia spp. have been described from Australia, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India. However, the origin and evolution of the species in the Wuchereria-Brugia clade remain unclear. While investigating the diversity of filarial parasites in Malaysia, we discovered an undescribed species in the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia).

METHODS: We examined 81 common treeshrews from 14 areas in nine states and the Federal Territory of Peninsular Malaysia for filarial parasites. Once any filariae that were found had been isolated, we examined their morphological characteristics and determined the partial sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region were then cloned into the pGEM-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were used as templates for sequencing.

RESULTS: Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka, n. g., n. sp. is described based on the morphological characteristics of adults and microfilariae found in common treeshrews from Jeram Pasu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The Kimura 2-parameter distance between the cox1 gene sequences of the new species and W. bancrofti was 11.8%. Based on the three gene sequences, the new species forms a monophyletic clade with W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. The adult parasites were found in tissues surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck of common treeshrews.

CONCLUSIONS: The newly described species appears most closely related to Wuchereria spp. and Brugia spp., but differs from these in several morphological characteristics. Molecular analyses based on the cox1 and 12S rRNA genes and the ITS1 region indicated that this species differs from both W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. at the genus level. We thus propose a new genus, Malayfilaria, along with the new species M. sofiani.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*; Filarioidea/genetics*; Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Observations of Breinlia booliati in a new host, Rattus rattus jalorensis, from Kuantan, state of Pahang, Malaysia

Tucker MS, Price DL, Kwa BH, DeBaldo AC

J Parasitol, 2003 Dec;89(6):1220-6.

PMID: 14740913

Breinlia booliati Singh and Ho, 1973 is described from the Malaysian wood rat, Rattus rattus jalorensis Bonhote. The parasites presented here were originally discovered in 1955 in Kuantan, Malaysia, but were not classified until now. On the basis of morphological observations of anatomical structures and comparisons with other species of Breinlia, it was determined that the parasites were B. booliati. The parasites discussed here show slight deviation from B. booliati, but they do not warrant a new species classification. There is some variation in anatomical measurements, the number of male caudal papillae, and the morphology of the microfilariae. Breinlia booliati from a new host is described in this article, with a brief discussion on Rattus species that are hosts of B. booliati and vectors that transmit the parasite. The occurrence of B. booliati in R. r. jalorensis represents the first report of the parasite in this host.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification*

A double infection of filariasis in a black panther (Panthera pardus) from Pahang

Strauss JM, Sivanandam S

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):336.

PMID: 4224351

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Experimental infection of Rattus sabanus and Rattus muelleri with subperiodic Brugia malayi

Sivanandam S, Mak JW, Lai PF

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Mar;6(1):68-73.

PMID: 1145240

R. sabanus and R. muelleri are very common in the lowland forests of Malaysia. In nature they are infected with Breinlia sp. and D. ramachandrani. In an attempt to determine whether they are also susceptible to subperiodic B. malayi and thereby being potential reservoirs of infection of the disease, 24 R. muelleri and 17 R. sabanus were experimentally infected with the parasite. Results show that although they can support the full development of the parasite, they are poor hosts. This confirms the observation that in Malaysia natural infection of Rattus spp. with the parasite has not been seen. These rats therefore are probably not important in the zoonotic transmission of subperiodic B. malayi in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/parasitology*

Abnormally long microfilariae found in periodic Brugia malayi infections in man and cat

Sivanandam S, Dondero TJ

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Mar;2(1):93-4.

PMID: 5112357

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development*; Filarioidea/isolation & purification

The casting of sheaths by microfilariae

Sivanandam S, Sandosham AA

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):238.

PMID: 4234713

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development*

The "Innenkorper" in differentiation between the microfilanriae of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi (sub-periodic form)

Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):337-8.

PMID: 4224563

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/classification*; Filarioidea/cytology*

Abnormally long microfilariae found in Brugia pahangi and sub-periodic B. malayi infections

Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):237-8.

PMID: 4234373

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae): course of development in rat host

Singh M, Yap EH, Ho BC, Kang KL, Lim PC

J Helminthol, 1976 Jun;50(2):103-10.

PMID: 965704

The development of Breinlia booliati is described in its natural host, Rattus sabanus and in an inbred strain of laboratory albino rat. The growth of the parasite is similar in both the rat hosts. The third moult occurs between six-eight days and the final moult between 24-28 days. Larvae were recovered initially from the skin and carcass. After five weeks, developing stages were seen only in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the site of development of the adult worms. Worms became sexually mature by 11-12 weeks and there was considerable growth in length of the female worms after this stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/growth & development*

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