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Fulltext Morphological and molecular characteristics of Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia) in Peninsular Malaysia

Uni S, Mat Udin AS, Agatsuma T, Saijuntha W, Junker K, Ramli R, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2017 Apr 20;10(1):194.

PMID: 28427478 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2105-9

BACKGROUND: The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927) and B. timori Partono, Purnomo, Dennis, Atmosoedjono, Oemijati & Cross, 1977 cause lymphatic diseases in humans in the tropics, while B. pahangi (Buckley & Edeson, 1956) infects carnivores and causes zoonotic diseases in humans in Malaysia. Wuchereria bancrofti, W. kalimantani Palmieri, Pulnomo, Dennis & Marwoto, 1980 and six out of ten Brugia spp. have been described from Australia, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India. However, the origin and evolution of the species in the Wuchereria-Brugia clade remain unclear. While investigating the diversity of filarial parasites in Malaysia, we discovered an undescribed species in the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia).

METHODS: We examined 81 common treeshrews from 14 areas in nine states and the Federal Territory of Peninsular Malaysia for filarial parasites. Once any filariae that were found had been isolated, we examined their morphological characteristics and determined the partial sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region were then cloned into the pGEM-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were used as templates for sequencing.

RESULTS: Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka, n. g., n. sp. is described based on the morphological characteristics of adults and microfilariae found in common treeshrews from Jeram Pasu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The Kimura 2-parameter distance between the cox1 gene sequences of the new species and W. bancrofti was 11.8%. Based on the three gene sequences, the new species forms a monophyletic clade with W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. The adult parasites were found in tissues surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck of common treeshrews.

CONCLUSIONS: The newly described species appears most closely related to Wuchereria spp. and Brugia spp., but differs from these in several morphological characteristics. Molecular analyses based on the cox1 and 12S rRNA genes and the ITS1 region indicated that this species differs from both W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. at the genus level. We thus propose a new genus, Malayfilaria, along with the new species M. sofiani.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*; Filarioidea/genetics*; Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Guerrero R, Bain O

Parasite, 2011 May;18(2):151-61.

PMID: 21678791

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*; Filarioidea/classification*

A parasitological study of Pulau Pinang and Pulau Perhentian Kechil, off Trengganu, West Malaysia. I. Malaria and filariasis

Yap LF, Ramachandran CP, Balasingam E

Med J Malaya, 1968 Dec;23(2):118-22.

PMID: 4240821

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Filariasis in Sabah, East Malaysia

Barclay R

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1969 Dec;63(4):473-88.

PMID: 4393668

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Some early findings on the possibility of using Aedes togoi as a vector of Dirofilaria repens in the laboratory

Cheong WH, Ben Omar AH

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):332.

PMID: 4224562

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Filariasis due to Brugia malayi in west Malayasia. I. Clinical, laboratory, and parasitological aspects

Dondero TJ, Ramachandran CP, Bin Yusoff O

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Dec;2(4):503-15.

PMID: 5144151

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

New hosts of Breinlia booliati in wild rats from Sarawak with further observations on its morphology

Joon-Wah M, Boo-Liat L

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Mar;5(1):22-8.

PMID: 4839077

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology*

[Edesonfilaria cynocephali n. sp., a filarial parasite of Dermoptera in Malaysia]

Bain O, Kouyate B, Cassone J

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1983;58(2):185-91.

PMID: 6625471

Edesonfilaria cynocephali n. sp., a parasite of Cynocephalus variegatus taylori (Thomas) in Malaysia, is described. Makifilaria Krishnasamy et coll., 1981 is placed in synonymy with Edesonfilaria and the new combination E. inderi (Krishnasamy et coll., 1981) n. comb. is proposed. Edesonfilaria and the closely related genus Macacanema constitute a small evolutionary line of Filariae with a hyperspecialized oesophagus (the glandular portion lacks lumen); the line is restricted to the Indo-Malaysian region and occurs in arboreal Dermopterans, Chiropterans and Primates.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification*; Filarioidea/physiology

A note on the search for potential vectors of rural Wuchereria bancrofti and periodic Brugia malayi in Malaysia barat

Cheong WH, Omar AH, Chee SL

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):244.

PMID: 4234379

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Observations on the survival rate of Armigeres subalbatus after being fed on hosts with different levels of micro-filariae of Brugia pahangi

Chellappah WT

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):240.

PMID: 4386489

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

A filarial parasite from the flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus)

Ramachandran CP, Ramalingam S, Chelvam MP

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):338-9.

PMID: 4224564

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

A demonstration of the use of the polygraph to record Schultz-Dale reactions utilizing sera of monkeys infected with Brugia malayi as sources of both antibody and antigen

Guest MF, Kek CL, Wong MM, Cheong LK

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):325-6.

PMID: 4224346

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/immunology*

Ethanol extracts of various helminths in a complement fixation test for eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia)

Pacheco G, Danaraj TJ

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1963 Sep;12(5):745-7.

PMID: 14070764

Sera taken fortnightly from fourteen patients with eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia) were tested by complement fixation with ethanol extracts of Dirofilaria immitis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Gnathostoma procyonis, Fasciola gigantica and Dipylidium caninum. Initially, sera from ten patients had high antibody titers with each of the extracts while antibodies were not detected in sera from the other four; after treatment with diethylcarbamazine the high titers decreased. It is concluded that the reactions obtained with these various extracts do not indicate infection with any particular helminth.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Indirect hemagglutination with extracts of various helminths in eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia)

Pacheco G, Danaraj TJ

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1966 May;15(3):355-8.

PMID: 5938434

Saline extracts of ether-treated Dirofilaria immitis, Ascaris suum, and Ancylostoma spp. were used in indirect hemagglutination tests of serum from 164 patients with a diagnosis of eosinophilic lung and 114 persons with other diseases or no disease (blood donors). In the first group, positive reactions with one, two or all three antigens were obtained in 89 percent of cases and the titers, at medium or high levels in 77 percent, decreased after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. In the other group, antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of only 22 percent of cases and titers usually were low. These observations indicate the presence of several antigen-antibody systems, some of which appear to be specific. With extracts of Dirofilaria the indirect hemagglutination and the complement-fixation tests were similar in sensitivity and specificity, but the results from neither test appeared to indicate infection with a specific worm.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/immunology*

Observations of Breinlia booliati in a new host, Rattus rattus jalorensis, from Kuantan, state of Pahang, Malaysia

Tucker MS, Price DL, Kwa BH, DeBaldo AC

J Parasitol, 2003 Dec;89(6):1220-6.

PMID: 14740913

Breinlia booliati Singh and Ho, 1973 is described from the Malaysian wood rat, Rattus rattus jalorensis Bonhote. The parasites presented here were originally discovered in 1955 in Kuantan, Malaysia, but were not classified until now. On the basis of morphological observations of anatomical structures and comparisons with other species of Breinlia, it was determined that the parasites were B. booliati. The parasites discussed here show slight deviation from B. booliati, but they do not warrant a new species classification. There is some variation in anatomical measurements, the number of male caudal papillae, and the morphology of the microfilariae. Breinlia booliati from a new host is described in this article, with a brief discussion on Rattus species that are hosts of B. booliati and vectors that transmit the parasite. The occurrence of B. booliati in R. r. jalorensis represents the first report of the parasite in this host.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification*

Abnormally long microfilariae found in periodic Brugia malayi infections in man and cat

Sivanandam S, Dondero TJ

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Mar;2(1):93-4.

PMID: 5112357

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/growth & development*; Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Pelecitus galli n. sp. from the Malayan jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus

Dissanike AS, Fernando MA

J Helminthol, 1974 Sep;48(3):199-203.

PMID: 4430828

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/anatomy & histology; Filarioidea/classification*

The "Innenkorper" in differentiation between the microfilanriae of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi (sub-periodic form)

Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ

Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):337-8.

PMID: 4224563

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/classification*; Filarioidea/cytology*

Abnormally long microfilariae found in Brugia pahangi and sub-periodic B. malayi infections

Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):237-8.

PMID: 4234373

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea*

Fulltext Breakdown of coevolution between symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia and their filarial hosts

Lefoulon E, Bain O, Makepeace BL, d'Haese C, Uni S, Martin C, et al.

PeerJ, 2016;4:e1840.

PMID: 27069790 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1840

Wolbachia is an alpha-proteobacterial symbiont widely distributed in arthropods. Since the identification of Wolbachia in certain animal-parasitic nematodes (the Onchocercidae or filariae), the relationship between arthropod and nematode Wolbachia has attracted great interest. The obligate symbiosis in filariae, which renders infected species susceptible to antibiotic chemotherapy, was held to be distinct from the Wolbachia-arthropod relationship, typified by reproductive parasitism. While co-evolutionary signatures in Wolbachia-arthropod symbioses are generally weak, reflecting horizontal transmission events, strict co-evolution between filariae and Wolbachia has been reported previously. However, the absence of close outgroups for phylogenetic studies prevented the determination of which host group originally acquired Wolbachia. Here, we present the largest co-phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia in filariae performed to date including: (i) a screening and an updated phylogeny of Wolbachia; (ii) a co-phylogenetic analysis; and (iii) a hypothesis on the acquisition of Wolbachia infection. First, our results show a general overestimation of Wolbachia occurrence and support the hypothesis of an ancestral absence of infection in the nematode phylum. The accuracy of supergroup J is also underlined. Second, although a global pattern of coevolution remains, the signal is derived predominantly from filarial clades associated with Wolbachia in supergroups C and J. In other filarial clades, harbouring Wolbachia supergroups D and F, horizontal acquisitions and secondary losses are common. Finally, our results suggest that supergroup C is the basal Wolbachia clade within the Ecdysozoa. This hypothesis on the origin of Wolbachia would change drastically our understanding of Wolbachia evolution.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea

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