MyMedR

Fulltext Prevalence of multidrug resistance Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chickens slaughtered in selected markets, Malaysia

Mansouri-najand L, Saleha AA, Wai SS

Trop Biomed, 2012 Jun;29(2):231-8.

PMID: 22735845 MyJurnal

The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in live chickens sold at wet markets in Selangor, Malaysia and the multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles of the isolates. Cloacal swabs were taken from the chickens before slaughter and their caecal mucosae were swabbed after slaughter. Of the 90 chickens examined, 68 (75.6%) were positive for Campylobacter. Campylobacter were recovered from caecal swabs (53/90) and cloacal swabs (34/90) and Campylobacter coli (46 isolates) were identified slightly more than Campylobacter jejuni (41 isolates), but these differences were not significant (p<0.05). The most frequently observed resistance was to cephalothin (95.5%), followed by tetracycline (80.8%), erythromycin (51.4%), enrofloxacin (42.4%) and gentamicin (24.4%). Multidrug resistance (resistant to four or more antibiotics) was detected in 35.3% isolates. Campylobacter jejuni showed nine resistance profiles and the most common was to gentamicin-eryhtromycin-enrofloxacin-cephalothin-tetracycline (32.4%) combination while C. coli showed six profiles, with cephalothin-tetracycline (32.2%) combination being most common.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/pharmacology

Melioidosis presenting as prostatitis--a case report from Sabah

Kan SPK, Kay RWW

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1978;72(5):522-4.

PMID: 725999 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90175-X

Previous reports of melioidosis in Sabah are reviewed and a detailed account of a case, presenting as prostatitis, in a 40-year-old British male is given. The history suggested that the organism, Pseudomonas pseudomallei, was transmitted by a fly which entered the eye. Diagnosis was delayed and treatment presented some difficulty, the organism being relatively insensitive to amplicillin and gentamicin. Co-trimoxazole was the most effective, followed by minocycline. Cure was eventually achieved and after four years the patient was fit and normal, except for sterility.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/therapeutic use

Liver functions in combined models of the gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity and metabolic syndrome induced by high fat or fructose diets: a comparative study

Ibraheem ZO, Farhan SS, Al Sumaidaee A, Al Sufi L, Bashir A, Balwa A, et al.

Toxicol Res, 2021 Apr;37(2):221-235.

PMID: 33868979 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00059-w

Metabolic syndrome is one of the major risk factors that lead to various serious complications like cardiovascular abnormalities, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Its co-incidence with other organs dysfunction results in further deterioration of the condition or precipitation of other dysfunctions. This study aimed at studying the changes in the hepatic functions after the co-incidence of the high fat or fructose diets induced metabolic syndrome along with the gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Briefly, six groups of male Sprague Daley rats (n = 10-12) were fed with different feeding protocols; viz; standard rodent's chow, an experimental high fat or high fructose diets feedings. For each, two groups were allocated that one of them was injected with normal saline and the other with 80 mg/kg/day I.P gentamicin during the last 24 days of the feeding period. The rats were monitored for changes in the metabolic data, glycemic control, lipid profile, renal and hepatic functions, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. The study revealed stronger hepatic changes in the renal failure groups fed with the high fat diet rather than that in the groups fed with the high fructose diet. Although, the latter experienced a stronger deterioration in the glycemic control. The study suggests that the incidence of the hepatic changes is more linked to the incidence of the deterioration in the lipids profile that was observed after the high fat diet feeding. Overall, the co-incidence of the high fat diet induced metabolic syndrome along with the renal failure constitutes a risk factor for the hepatic dysfunction.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and distribution of exoU and exoS in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a Malaysian hospital

Idris SN, Desa MN, Aziz MN, Taib NM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2012 Jan;43(1):116-23.

PMID: 23082561

This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and distribution of exoU and exoS among 44 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from different patients over a 3-month period in 2010 at a major Malaysian hospital. Susceptibility data by disk diffusion method for cefepime (30 microg), ceftazidime (30 microg), gentamicin (10 microg), piperacillin-tazobactam (100/10 microg) and ciprofloxacin (5 microg) were available for 38 isolates. Resistance to ceftazidime and piperacillin-tazobactam was the most common (74%) with five isolates not susceptible to three or more different antibiotics. PCR detection of exoU and exoS of all 44 isolates showed the former gene to be present in 18 and exoS in 41. In analyzing the two genes together, 17 isolates were detected for exoU and exoS with only two being negative for both genes. Only one isolate was detected for exoU alone whereas 24 for exoS alone. Distribution of the genes in relation to antibiotic susceptibility was inapplicable due to the majority of the isolates having similar susceptibility patterns, but the tendency of exoU-carrying isolates to be present in male patients (83%) and respiratory sites (61%) was observed (p < 0.050). The finding warrants further investigation in a larger sample of isolates.\

Study site: Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL)

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/pharmacology

Fulltext A forgotten clinical sign making a comeback

Chiam KH, A Hing CT, Low LL

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Feb;69(1):40-1.

PMID: 24814630 MyJurnal

We report a case of Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis in a patient presenting with fever and rare cutaneous manifestations of Osler Nodes and Janeway Lesions. There had not been any distinct risk factors. His echocardiography subsequently revealed vegetation at the anterior mitral valve leaflet. As Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis is of utmost significance in morbidity and mortality, a sharp clinical acumen and follow up investigations is required alongside a prolonged course of antibiotics. Our patient was then started on intravenous cloxacillin for 28 days and gentamicin for 5 days to which he made good progress and recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins

Cytotoxicity and scanning electron microscopy study of gentamycin-coated HA effect on biofilm

Au LF, Othman F, Mustaffa R, Vidyadaran S, Rahmat A, Besar I, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:16-7.

PMID: 19024962

Biofilms are adherent, multi-layered colonies of bacteria that are typically more resistant to the host immune response and routine antibiotic therapy. HA biomaterial comprises of a single-phased hydroxyapatite scaffold with interconnected pore structure. The device is designed as osteoconductive space filler to be gently packed into bony voids or gaps following tooth extraction or any surgical procedure. Gentamycin-coated biomaterial (locally made hydroxyapatite) was evaluated to reduce or eradicate the biofilm on the implant materials. The results indicated that the HA coated with gentamycin was biocompatible to human osteoblast cell line and the biofilm has been reduced after being treated with different concentrations of gentamycin-coated hydroxyapatite (HA).

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/pharmacology*

Fulltext Use of gentamicin impregnated POP discs for antibiotic pouch dressing

Lau CP, Chee EK, Thirumal M

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61 Suppl B:32-6.

PMID: 17600990

Antibiotic pouch technique is commonly used due to the high local antibiotic concentration and moist environment for wound healing. We used locally made gentamicin impregnated Plaster of Paris discs in treating wounds with exposed deep structures like tendons and bones. Out of 22 patients treated with this method, 19 completed treatment. Granulation tissue formed quickly and effectively covered the exposed structures. All wounds either healed by secondary intention or became suitable for split skin grafting. Gentamicin impregnated Plaster of Paris disc pouch dressing is safe, cost saving, and effective for management of deep open wounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage; Gentamicins/therapeutic use*

Fulltext Topical chloramphenicol/gentamicin in the empirical treatment of acute conjunctivitis--is it rational?

Subramania A, Reddy SC

Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):491.

PMID: 10968042

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/therapeutic use*

Fulltext Fulminant hepatic failure and shigella bacteremia

Abidin Z, Iyngkaran N, Puthucheary SD

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Jun;38(2):112-3.

PMID: 6353185

A three and a half year old boy with shigellosis developed fulminant hepatic failure. The hepatic derangements rapidly improved over a period of two weeks after treatment of the shigellosis with parenteral gentamicin. We believe this is the first documented report of fulminant hepatic failure due to shigella sepsis.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/therapeutic use

Fulltext Therapeutic drug monitoring for gentamicin in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Ismail R, Sarriff A, Abdul Rahman AF

Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar;45(1):57-64.

PMID: 2152070

We evaluated the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for gentamicin and the use of a two-point peak and trough pair concentration method to adjust its dose. Of the 194 patients included, initial concentrations were appropriate in only sixty nine. In the seventy one cases of dosage adjustments using this method, those attaining therapeutic levels increased overall from 38% to 67%. It is concluded that TDM for gentamicin with dosage adjustment using this simple pharmacokinetic approach is useful and adequate in monitoring for gentamicin therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage*; Gentamicins/blood; Gentamicins/therapeutic use

Fulltext Monitoring of serum gentamicin level in a general hospital

Hussin Z, Lim VKE

Med J Malaysia, 1982 Jun;37(2):104-7.

PMID: 7132829

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which is commonly used in the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections. However, gentamicin like other aminoglycosides, has a narrow therapeutic index and is potentially ototoxic and nephrotoxic. Blood levels following administration of gentamicin has been shown to be highly unpredictable and monitoring of gentamicin levels is necessary to ensure effective therapeutic levels as well as to avoid toxicity. The Department of Microbiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia offers such a monitoring service. This paper analyses the results of 135 such estimations performed between August 1979 and May 1981. It is shown that a significant proportion of patients were receiving either too much or too little gentamicin. Empirical determinations of dosages is unsatisfactory and as the microbiological assay method of determining gentamicin levels is both easy to perform and inexpensive, such a service should be offered by all general hospitals in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/blood*

Fulltext Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Malaysian Hospital

Pathmanathan SG, Samat NA, Mohamed R

Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Apr;16(2):27-32.

PMID: 22589655 MyJurnal

Ongoing surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance against antimicrobial agents is fundamental to monitor trends in susceptibility patterns and to appropriately guide clinicians in choosing empirical or directed therapy. The in vitro activity level of eight antimicrobial drugs was assessed against 97 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected consecutively for three months in 2007 from a Malaysian hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the E-test method in addition to the hospital's routine diagnostic testing by the disk diffusion method. Respiratory and wound swab isolates were the most frequently encountered isolates. The E-test and disk diffusion methods showed high concordance in determining the in vitro activity of the antimicrobial agents against the E isolates. Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active antimicrobial agent with 91.8% susceptibility, followed by the aminoglycosides (amikacin, 86.6% and gentamicin, 84.5%), the quinolone (ciprofloxacin, 83.5%) and the beta-lactams (cefepime, 80.4%, ceftazidime, 80.4%, imipenem, 79.4% and meropenem, 77.3%). Incidence of multidrug resistance was 19.6% (19 out of 97 isolates). Periodic antibiotic resistance surveillance is fundamental to monitor changes in susceptibility patterns in a hospital setting.

Study site: Hospital Kuala Lumpur

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins

Gentamicin ototoxicity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Gendeh BS, Said H, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Kong N, Zahir ZM

J Laryngol Otol, 1993 Aug;107(8):681-5.

PMID: 8409715 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100124132

A prospective study was undertaken of 10 chronic renal failure patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) complicated by repeated bouts of peritonitis treated with gentamicin. Each 10-day treatment course consisted of a 120 mg loading dose, followed by 16 mg in 21 of peritoneal dialysate, given four times a day. Serum gentamicin analysed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean level of 5.2 micrograms/ml, (range 3.7 to 6.6 mg/ml) four hours after the loading dose. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were maintained on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy, suggesting no accumulation of gentamicin in the serum. Pure tone audiometry, electronystagmography and clinical assessment were performed during each course of treatment. Although no evidence of ototoxicity was found during the first two courses of gentamicin, but disequilibrium and bobbing oscillopsia were present during the third and fourth courses of gentamicin. These findings could be explained by cumulative injury to the vestibular apparatus caused by repeated therapeutic insults.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/adverse effects*; Gentamicins/blood; Gentamicins/therapeutic use

Gentamicin administration via peritoneal dialysis fluid: the risk of ototoxicity

Gendeh BS, Said H, Gibb AG, Aziz NS, Zahir ZM

J Laryngol Otol, 1991 Dec;105(12):999-1001.

PMID: 1787382

In a prospective study on 47 patients, 16 mg of gentamicin per two litres dialysate was administered intraperitoneally at every cycle of intermittent peritoneal dialysis, carried out over the course of several days. Serum gentamicin sampling, pure tone audiometry and caloric tests were performed before and during the treatment. The gentamicin levels reached at the end of the thirtieth cycle were observed to be low. In view of this, the risk of acute ototoxicity was considered to be minimal. This was confirmed by the absence of clinical audiometric or vestibulometric evidence of toxicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage; Gentamicins/adverse effects*; Gentamicins/blood; Gentamicins/therapeutic use

Estimating drug-free period using a graphical method: an alternative way to monitor extended-interval dosing of gentamicin therapy

Ab Rahman AF, Md Sahak N, Ali AM

Int J Pharm Pract, 2017 Feb;25(1):75-80.

PMID: 28097717 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12336

OBJECTIVES: Published nomograms to monitor extended-interval dosing (EID) gentamicin therapy were based on a fixed dose of 5 or 7 mg/kg. However, the average dose used for EID gentamicin regimen in our setting was about 3 mg/kg per day. We developed a new method of monitoring based on the duration of drug-free period (DFP) in a 24-h dosing interval.

METHODS: Hospitalised adult patients on EID gentamicin were selected. We considered a DFP of between 2 and 8 h as appropriate. Data from two blood samples (2 and 6 h postdose) from each patient were used to estimate the duration of DFP (i.e. DFP method 1). DFP was also calculated for the same patient using an empirically estimated elimination rate constant (Ke ) and the same 6 h postdose concentration value (DFP method 2). Correlation between the two methods was made. An alternative graphical method to estimate DFP was attempted.

KEY FINDINGS: Correlation between Ke and age was favourable (r = -0.453; P = 0.001). Ke derived from this empirical relationship was used to estimate DFP method 2. DFP method 1 correlated well with DFP method 2 (r = 0.742; P

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage*; Gentamicins/blood; Gentamicins/pharmacokinetics*

Fulltext Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in patients with bronchopneumonia: cost considerations and patient outcomes

Ahmed Abdelrahim HE, Ab Rahman AF, Mohamed Ibrahim MI

Eurasian J Med, 2012 Apr;44(1):1-5.

PMID: 25610196 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2012.01

In Malaysia, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service started in the late 1980s. Serum concentration measurements depend on commercially available drug assays, which are costly. In the present study, we attempted to document the impact of TDM service on cost and patient outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins*

Management of infective endocarditis in pregnancy

Jeyamalar R, Sivanesaratnam V

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1991 May;31(2):123-4.

PMID: 1930032

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage; Gentamicins/therapeutic use*

Fulltext Antibiotic resistance profiling and phenotyping of Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic sources

Odeyemi OA, Ahmad A

Saudi J Biol Sci, 2017 Jan;24(1):65-70.

PMID: 28053573 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.016

This study aimed to investigate antibiotics resistance pattern and phenotyping of Aeromonas species isolated from different aquatic sources in Melaka, Malaysia. A total of 53 Aeromonas species were isolated from the following sources: sediment (n = 13), bivalve (n = 10), sea cucumber (n = 16) and sea water (n = 14) and resistance to 12 antibiotics - Tetracycline (30 μg), Kanamycin (30 μg), Oxytetracycline (30 μg), Ampicillin (10 μg), Streptomycin (10 μg), Gentamicin (10 μg), Sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), Nalixidic acid (30 μg), Trimethoprim (1.25 μg), Novobiocin (5 μg), Penicilin (10 μg) and Chloramphenicol (10 μg) was tested. The results obtained from this study reveal multi drug resistance pattern among the isolates. All the isolates were completely resistant to Ampicillin, Novobiocin, Sulphamethoxazole and Trimethoprim, respectively but susceptible to Tetracycline (100%), Kanamycin (5.7%), Gentamicin (5.7%) and Oxytetracycline (24.5%). Antibiotics phenotyping of the bacteria revealed 21 different phenotypes among the isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins

Transcription profile of genes affected in response to pathological changes in drug-induced rat model of acute kidney injury

Habib R, Begum S, Alam G, Ali A, Khan I, Waseem M, et al.

Ren Fail, 2015 Aug;37(7):1225-31.

PMID: 26114661 DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057801

The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in the expression profile of certain genes in rat model of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and to see whether time period and routes of administration affect their expression levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins/administration & dosage*

Effects of pre and post-treatments with dipyridamole in gentamicin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in the rat

Balakumar P, WitnessKoe WE, Gan YS, JemayPuah SM, Kuganesswari S, Prajapati SK, et al.

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2017 Mar;84:35-44.

PMID: 27993652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.007

This study investigated the pretreatment and post-treatment effects of dipyridamole (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in gentamicin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were administered gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 8 days. Gentamicin-administered rats exhibited renal structural and functional changes as assessed in terms of a significant increase in serum creatinine and urea and kidney weight to body weight ratio as compared to normal rats. Renal histopathological studies revealed a marked incidence of acute tubular necrosis in gentamicin-administered rats. These renal structural and functional abnormalities in gentamicin-administered rats were accompanied with elevated serum uric acid level, and renal inflammation as assessed in terms of decrease in interleukin-10 levels. Dipyridamole pretreatment in gentamicin-administered rats afforded a noticeable renoprotection by markedly preventing renal structural and functional abnormalities, renal inflammation and serum uric acid elevation. On the other hand, dipyridamole post-treatment did not significantly prevent uric acid elevation and renal inflammation, and resulted in comparatively less protection on renal function although it markedly reduced the incidence of tubular necrosis. In conclusion, uric acid elevation and renal inflammation could play key roles in gentamicin-nephrotoxicity. Dipyridamole pretreatment markedly prevented gentamicin-induced acute nephrotoxicity, while its post-treatment resulted in comparatively less renal functional protection.

Matched MeSH terms: Gentamicins*

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