Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 40 in total

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  1. The fate of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in Armigeres subalbatus during the first 48 hours post ingestion
    Zahedi M
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1994 Mar;45(1):33-5.
    PMID: 7915044
    In Armigeres subalbatus, 60% and 3% of the ingested Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) respectively migrated into the haemocoel and the thorax within 5 minutes post ingestion (p.i.). Most of the mf had migrated from the gut into the haemocoel within the first 10 minutes p.i. There was no correlation between the number of mf ingested and the migration rate though those in mosquitoes with a low mf burden tend to migrate earlier. At 24 hours p.i., 5-30% of the mf were still in the gut; 19% of these mf were immobile. At 48 hours p.i. only 2% of the mf were mobile. B. pahangi mf isolated from blood meals at 24 hours p.i., failed to develop when inoculated into Armigeres subalbatus. 54% and 73% of the mf isolated from a 24 hour old clotted blood of a B. pahangi-infected cat and fresh peripheral cat blood respectively developed into stage-1 larva. Probably mf left in the midgut at 24 hours p.i. are the young and immature worms and are physiologically incapable of penetrating the gut.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  2. Field studies on the surveillance of Coquillettidia crassipes (Van der Wulp) and the isolation of a strain of Cardiofilaria in peninsular Malaysia
    Chiang GL, Samarawickrema WA, Eng KL, Cheong WH, Sulaiman I, Yap HH
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1986 Apr;80(2):235-44.
    PMID: 2875691
    Surveillance methods for Coquillettidia crassipes were studied in an open housing estate near Kuala Lumpur using three types of traps Trinidad 10 trap, modified Lard can trap and IMR trap, each baited with chicken or pigeon. All traps attracted Cq. crassipes. There was no significant difference in the catches in the three traps. There was also no significant difference between chicken and pigeon as bait. Catches at heights of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 m did not show any significant difference in density. Cq. crassipes was active at night with an early peak during the first hour of the night and a minor peak between 0100 and 0200 hours. The activity of the parous and nulliparous sections of the population was similar, except that a higher proportion of the parous females was active during the second peak compared with the nulliparous females. The parous rate was 22.3%, and the probability of survival through one day for two gonotrophic cycles was 0.711 and 0.650. The infection rate for Cardiofilaria was 29 out of 1052 (2.76%) and the infective rate (L3 larvae) was 13 out of 1052 (1.24%). 48.3% of the infected Cq. crassipes had a worm burden of more than ten larvae. One of the chickens in the traps was positive for microfilariae of Cardiofilaria four weeks after exposure as bait. Laboratory bred Cq. crassipes fed on this chicken produced infective larvae in ten days, and these were inoculated into clean chickens and pigeons. Microfilariae appeared in the chickens but not in pigeons. The adult worms recovered await identification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  3. Filaria vector competence of some Anopheles species
    Zahedi M, White GB
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1994 Mar;45(1):27-32.
    PMID: 8066378
    The filaria vector competence of Anopheles stephensi was compared with Brugia-susceptible Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain, An. gambiae Badagry Lagos strain and An. dirus Perlis Malaysia strain. An. stephensi ingested more Brugia pahangi microfilariae, had the highest infectivity rate and yielded more infective mosquitoes than the other two anopheline species. The overall vector competence of An. stephensi was 0.13 times that of Ae. aegypti, 0.62 times that of An. gambiae and 2.17 times that of An. dirus. However, heavy mortality among infected An. stephensi in the present investigation indicates that the filaria vectorial capacity of the mosquito might be limited epidemiologically. The relationship between filaria vector competence and mosquito foregut armature is discussed. It was observed that the relative vector competence of the three anopheline species tested was in the same order as their relative degrees of armature elaboration. The converse would be expected if foregut armatures really give partial protection to the mosquitoes against filarial infection. It is suggested that high host microfilariae density favours larval survival proportional to the degree of armature development in Anopheles (Cellia) species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  4. Detection of Brugia malayi in mosquitoes by the polymerase chain reaction
    Vythilingam I, Boaz L, Wa N
    J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1998 Sep;14(3):243-7.
    PMID: 9813819
    Accurate identification of filarial parasites in mosquitoes poses a major problem for the coordination of filariasis control programs. Traditional methods are tedious, and some are not specific enough to give satisfactory results. Amplification of specific gene sequences by primer-directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been increasingly utilized as a diagnostic tool. However, current protocols for the extraction of parasite DNA from mosquito samples are tedious and could lead to failure of PCR amplification. We demonstrate that the use of Chelex is an efficient method for DNA extraction from mosquitoes and the parasite and that PCR amplification with primers specific for Brugia malayi yields a band of the expected size. The PCR products were transferred to a nylon membrane with Southern blotting, and a B. malayi-specific digoxigenin-labeled probe confirmed the sequence similarity of the PCR-amplified fragment and increased the sensitivity of the PCR assay. Use of this probe enabled us to detect PCR-amplified product from B. malayi even when a product was not visible on an ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel. This increased sensitivity allowed us to detect the parasite in the heads of mosquitoes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  5. Fulltext Plasmodium knowlesi in humans: a review on the role of its vectors in Malaysia
    Vythilingam I
    Trop Biomed, 2010 Apr;27(1):1-12.
    PMID: 20562807 MyJurnal
    Plasmodium knowlesi in humans is life threatening, is on the increase and has been reported from most states in Malaysia. Anopheles latens and Anopheles cracens have been incriminated as vectors. Malaria is now a zoonoses and is occurring in malaria free areas of Malaysia. It is also a threat to eco-tourism. The importance of the vectors and possible control measures is reviewed here.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  6. Zoonotic infection with Onchocerca dewittei japonica in an 11-year-old boy in Kansai Region, Western Honshu, Japan
    Uni S, Fukuda M, Ogawa K, Lim YA, Agatsuma T, Bunchom N, et al.
    Parasitol Int, 2017 Oct;66(5):593-595.
    PMID: 28648713 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.006
    An 11-year-old boy living in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Kansai Region, Western Honshu, Japan had zoonotic onchocercosis. The patient developed a painful swelling on the little finger of his left hand. The worm detected in the excised mass had external transverse ridges but did not have inner striae in the cuticle. On the basis of the parasite's histopathological characteristics, the causative agent was identified as a female Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Spirurida: Onchocercidae). The species of the filarial parasite was confirmed by sequencing the cox1 gene of the parasite. The Japanese wild boar Sus scrofa leucomystax is a definitive host for O. dewittei japonica, which is then transmitted by blackflies as the vector to humans. The current case described occurred in the Kansai Region, Western Honshu, where such infections were previously not reported.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  7. Fulltext Armigeres subalbatus incriminated as a vector of zoonotic Brugia pahangi filariasis in suburban Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia
    Muslim A, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Lau YL, Sivanandam S
    Parasit Vectors, 2013;6:219.
    PMID: 23898840 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-219
    In 2011, we reported occurrence of natural human infections with Brugia pahangi, a filarial worm of dogs and cats, in a surburb of Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia. Our preliminary entomological survey at that time suggested the mosquito species Armigeres subalbatus as the vector of the zoonotic infections. In this present report, we provide biological evidence to confirm our preliminary finding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  8. Fulltext Bionomics of Anopheles latens in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo in relation to the transmission of zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi
    Tan CH, Vythilingam I, Matusop A, Chan ST, Singh B
    Malar J, 2008;7:52.
    PMID: 18377652 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-52
    A large focus of human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian parasite naturally found in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques was discovered in the Kapit Division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. A study was initiated to identify the vectors of malaria, to elucidate where transmission is taking place and to understand the bionomics of the vectors in Kapit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  9. Filariasis in Bengkoka Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia: bionomics of Mansonia sp
    Chiang GL, Cheong WH, Samarawickrema WA
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Sep;15(3):294-302.
    PMID: 6151743
    Studies on age groups within activity cycles, age composition and survivorship in natural populations of Mansonia in Kampung Pantai, Bengkoka Peninsula of Sabah state have been described. Early activity of 3-5 parous Ma. bonneae during the first hour after sunset was noted. Age composition of Ma. bonneae at forest shade, indoor and outdoor of house, comparative buffalo vs human bait outdoor in Kampung Pantai showed all round high parous rates ranging from 66.7 to 75.4%. Population 3-parous and older ranged from 18.8 to 26.7%. Nine of the 14 infective Ma. bonneae were 3-parous and this segment of the population was engaged in active transmission. High parous rates were observed in Ma. dives and Ma. uniformis taken in small numbers. Parous rates of Ma. bonneae taken in Kampung Delima and Kampung Taradas were also high. Estimates of daily survivorship of Ma. bonneae and Ma. dives determined by two methods were very high.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  10. Current status of filariasis in Malaysia
    Marzhuki MI, Tham AS, Poovaneswari S
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:10-4.
    PMID: 7973937
    The Filariasis Control Program was established more than 30 years ago in the country and the disease is still a public health problem in some states. Since 1983, a total of 17 filariasis control teams were formed throughout the country to carry out filariasis control work. The teams conduct house and population censuses, nocturnal mass blood surveys and treatment of microscopically confirmed cases. Individual case follow-up is being carried out after 3-5 months while the locality is resurveyed after about 2-3 years. During the years 1988 to 1990, there appeared to be a decreasing trend in the number of filariasis cases detected countrywide. In 1991, brugian filariasis accounted for 92% of the cases detected. The microfilaria rate (MFR) also showed a decreasing trend countrywide for the years 1988 (0.57%) to 1990 (0.35%) but there was an increase in 1991 although it remained well below the 5% MFR targeted in the program objective, In 1991, the filariasis control teams and the district multi-purpose teams collected a total of 167, 151 blood slides out of which 871 were found to be positive for microfilaria. To determine the true endemicity of filariasis in the country, the malaria district multi-purpose teams are also utilized to assist in probe surveys in new areas of the district. Two species of filarial worms, namely Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, and the mosquito vectors belonging to the Anopheles and Mansonia genera are involved in the transmission of filariasis in Malaysia. Monkeys and domestic cats are the reservoir hosts for the subperiodic strain of B. malayi.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  11. The effect of Plasmodium vivax infection on SOCS gene expression in Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Kittiwattanawong K, Ponlawat A, Boonrotpong S, Nanakorn N, Kongchouy N, Moonmake S, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):397-408.
    PMID: 33612809
    The Anopheles dirus mosquito is a primary malaria vector that transmits many species of Plasmodium parasites in Thailand and is widely spread across its geographic area. In the current study, the levels of expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) gene in An. dirus mosquitoes infected with P. vivax were examined. The level of the gene's expression determined by mRNA extraction in An. dirus females (n=2,400) was studied at different times (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after feeding), with different types of blood feeding (non-feeding, parasite-negative blood feeding, parasite-positive blood feeding) and in different parts of the body of mosquito samples (thorax and abdomen). The datasets were analyzed based on their relative expression ratio by the 2-ΔΔCT method and were tested for significant differences with ANOVA. The results showed that the An. dirus SOCS gene was stimulated in the abdomen 12 h and 24 h after blood feeding about three times more highly than in unfed females, with the difference being significant. At 24 h after P. vivax-infected blood feeding, the SOCS gene in the abdomen was expressed more highly than 24 h after parasite-negative blood feeding and expression was almost 36 times higher than in the control group who were not fed blood. However, in the thorax at all times after feeding and non-feeding, there was no expression of the SOCS gene. Therefore, the SOCS gene in An. dirus was most highly expressed 24 h post-feeding with a P. vivax-infected bloodmeal, which indicates that the SOCS gene in the major malaria vector in Thailand plays an important role in its immune system and its response to P. vivax infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  12. Fulltext Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks and fleas collected from companion dogs and cats in East and Southeast Asia
    Nguyen VL, Colella V, Greco G, Fang F, Nurcahyo W, Hadi UK, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2020 Aug 15;13(1):420.
    PMID: 32799914 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04288-8
    BACKGROUND: Ticks and fleas are considered amongst the most important arthropod vectors of medical and veterinary concern due to their ability to transmit pathogens to a range of animal species including dogs, cats and humans. By sharing a common environment with humans, companion animal-associated parasitic arthropods may potentially transmit zoonotic vector-borne pathogens (VBPs). This study aimed to molecularly detect pathogens from ticks and fleas from companion dogs and cats in East and Southeast Asia.

    METHODS: A total of 392 ticks and 248 fleas were collected from 401 infested animals (i.e. 271 dogs and 130 cats) from China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam, and molecularly screened for the presence of pathogens. Ticks were tested for Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. while fleas were screened for the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp.

    RESULT: Of the 392 ticks tested, 37 (9.4%) scored positive for at least one pathogen with Hepatozoon canis being the most prevalent (5.4%), followed by Ehrlichia canis (1.8%), Babesia vogeli (1%), Anaplasma platys (0.8%) and Rickettsia spp. (1%) [including Rickettsia sp. (0.5%), Rickettsia asembonensis (0.3%) and Rickettsia felis (0.3%)]. Out of 248 fleas tested, 106 (42.7%) were harboring at least one pathogen with R. felis being the most common (19.4%), followed by Bartonella spp. (16.5%), Rickettsia asembonensis (10.9%) and "Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis" (0.4%). Furthermore, 35 Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, of which 34 ticks belonged to the tropical and only one belonged to the temperate lineage (Rh. sanguineus (sensu stricto)).

    CONCLUSION: Our data reveals the circulation of different VBPs in ticks and fleas of dogs and cats from Asia, including zoonotic agents, which may represent a potential risk to animal and human health.

    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  13. Fulltext Transmission potential of Wuchereria bancrofti by Culex quinquefasciatus in urban areas of Malaysia
    Vythilingam I, Tan CH, Nazni WA
    Trop Biomed, 2005 Jun;22(1):83-5.
    PMID: 16880760 MyJurnal
    Laboratory strain of the Malaysian Culex quinquefasciatus was susceptible to Wuchereria bancrofti. Thirty three percent of the Cx. quinquefasciatus that fed on W. bancrofti patient were infective after 12-14 days. There is a possibility for W. bancrofti to occur in the urban areas of the Malaysia in the near future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  14. Fulltext Plasmodium knowlesi malaria an emerging public health problem in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia (2009-2013): epidemiologic and entomologic analysis
    Vythilingam I, Lim YA, Venugopalan B, Ngui R, Leong CS, Wong ML, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:436.
    PMID: 25223878 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-436
    While transmission of the human Plasmodium species has declined, a significant increase in Plasmodium knowlesi/Plasmodium malariae cases was reported in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. Thus, a study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and the vectors involved in the transmission of knowlesi malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  15. Environmental variables associated with immature stage habitats of culicidae collected in aboriginal villages in Pahang, Malaysia
    Ali WN, Ahmad R, Nor ZM, Ismail Z, Ibrahim MN, Hadi AA, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2012 Nov;43(6):1387-99.
    PMID: 23413702
    Many of the most widely spread vector-borne diseases are water related, in that the mosquito vectors concerned breed or pass part of their lifecycle in or close to water. A major reason for the study of mosquito larval ecology is to gather information on environmental variables that may determine the species of mosquitoes and the distribution of larvae in the breeding habitats. Larval surveillance studies were conducted six times between May 2008 and October 2009 in Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Twelve environmental variables were recorded for each sampling site, and samples of mosquito larvae were collected. Larval survey studies showed that anopheline and culicine larvae were collected from 79 and 67 breeding sites, respectively. All breeding sites were classified into nine habitat groups. Culicine larvae were found in all habitat groups, suggesting that they are very versatile and highly adaptable to different types of environment. Rock pools or water pockets with clear water formed on the bank of rivers and waterfalls were the most common habitats associated with An. maculatus. Environmental variables influence the suitability of aquatic habitats for anopheline and culicine larvae, but not significantly associated with the occurrence of both larvae genera (p>0.05). This study provides information on mosquito ecology in relation to breeding habitats that will be useful in designing and implementing larval control operations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  16. Habitat characterization and mapping of Anopheles maculatus (Theobald) mosquito larvae in malaria endemic areas in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia
    Rohani A, Wan Najdah WM, Zamree I, Azahari AH, Mohd Noor I, Rahimi H, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2010 Jul;41(4):821-30.
    PMID: 21073056
    In Peninsular Malaysia, a large proportion of malaria cases occur in the central mountainous and forested parts of the country. As part of a study to assess remote sensing data as a tool for vector mapping, we conducted entomological surveys to determine the type of mosquitoes, their characteristics and the abundance of habitats of the vector Anopheles maculatus in malaria endemic areas in Pos Senderot. An. maculatus mosquitoes were collected from 49 breeding sites in Pos Senderot. An. maculatus preferred to breed in water pockets formed on the bank of rivers and waterfalls. The most common larval habitats were shallow pools 5.0-15.0 cm deep with clear water, mud substrate and plants or floatage. The mosquito also preferred open or partially shaded habitats. Breeding habitats were generally located at 100-400 m from the nearest human settlement. Changes in breeding characteristics were also observed. Instead of breeding in slow flowing streams, most larvae bred in small water pockets along the river margin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  17. A climate distribution model of malaria transmission in Sudan
    Musa MI, Shohaimi S, Hashim NR, Krishnarajah I
    Geospat Health, 2012 Nov;7(1):27-36.
    PMID: 23242678
    Malaria remains a major health problem in Sudan. With a population exceeding 39 million, there are around 7.5 million cases and 35,000 deaths every year. The predicted distribution of malaria derived from climate factors such as maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity was compared with the actual number of malaria cases in Sudan for the period 2004 to 2010. The predictive calculations were done by fuzzy logic suitability (FLS) applied to the numerical distribution of malaria transmission based on the life cycle characteristics of the Anopheles mosquito accounting for the impact of climate factors on malaria transmission. This information is visualized as a series of maps (presented in video format) using a geographical information systems (GIS) approach. The climate factors were found to be suitable for malaria transmission in the period of May to October, whereas the actual case rates of malaria were high from June to November indicating a positive correlation. While comparisons between the prediction model for June and the case rate model for July did not show a high degree of association (18%), the results later in the year were better, reaching the highest level (55%) for October prediction and November case rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
  18. Comparative field evaluation of residual-sprayed deltamethrin WG and deltamethrin WP for the control of malaria in Pahang, Malaysia
    Rohani A, Zamree I, Lim LH, Rahini H, David L, Kamilan D
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2006 Nov;37(6):1139-48.
    PMID: 17333767
    The bioefficacy of indoor residual-sprayed deltamethrin wettable granule (WG) formulation at 25 mg a.i./m2 and 20 mg a.i./m2 for the control of malaria was compared with the current dose of 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin wettable powder (WP) in aboriginal settlements in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The malaria vector has been previously identified as Anopheles maculatus. The assessment period for the 20 mg/m2 dosage was six months, but for the 25 mg/m2 dosage, the period was 9 months. Collections of mosquitoes using the bare-leg techniques were carried out indoors and outdoors from 7:00 PM to 7:00 AM. All mosquitoes were dissected for sporozoites and parity. Larval collections were carried out at various locations to assess the extent and distribution of breeding of vectors. A high incidence of human feeds was detected during May 2005 and a low incidence during January 2005 for all the study areas. Our study showed that deltamethrin WG at 25 mg/m2 suppressed An. maculatus biting activity. More An. maculatus were caught in outdoor landing catches than indoor landing catches for all the study areas. The results indicate that 25 mg/m2 WG is good for controlling malaria for up to 9 months. Where residual spraying is envisaged, the usual two spraying cycles per year with 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin may be replaced with 25 mg/m2 deltamethrin WG every 9 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  19. Zoonotic Brugia pahangi filariasis in a suburbia of Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia
    Tan LH, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Muslim A, Lau YL, Kamarulzaman A
    Parasitol Int, 2011 Jan;60(1):111-3.
    PMID: 20951228 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.09.010
    Five local Malaysian patients with clinical manifestations consistent with lymphatic filariasis were referred to our medical centre between 2003 and 2006. Although no microfilariae (mf) were detected in their nocturnal blood samples, all were diagnosed to have lymphatic filariasis on the basis of clinical findings and positive serology results. PCR on their blood samples revealed that two of the patients were infected with Brugia pahangi, an animal filarial worm hitherto not known to cause human disease in the natural environment. All the patients were successfully treated with anti-filarial drugs: four patients were treated with a combination of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole, and one with doxycycline. Four of them were residents of Petaling Jaya, a residential suburbia located 10 km southwest of Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. The fifth patient was a frequent visitor of the suburbia. This suburbia has no history or record of B. malayi infection. The most likely vector of the worm was Armigeres subalbatus as extensive entomological surveys within the suburbia revealed only adult females of this mosquito species were infected with B. pahangi larvae. Wild monkeys caught in the suburbia were free from B. pahangi mf, but domestic cats were mf positive. This suggests that infected cats might be the source of the zoonotic infection in the suburbia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology
  20. The role of some cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of human helminths in Malaysia
    Sulaiman S, Sohadi AR, Yunus H, Iberahim R
    Med Vet Entomol, 1988 Jan;2(1):1-6.
    PMID: 2980156
    The role of some adult flies (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) as carriers of helminth parasites of man was studied at four sites in Malaysia: a refuse dump, where no helminth-positive flies were detected, and in three peri-domestic situations where four species of flies carried up to three types of nematodes. The dominant fly species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) carried eggs of the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides L., the pinworm Trichuris trichiura (L.) and hookworm on the adult external body surface and in the gut lumen, in association with Bukit Lanjan aborigines. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Sarcophaga spp. also had Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichurus trichiura eggs in their gut contents. Human helminths were not recovered from Lispe leucospila (Wiedemann), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) or the housefly Musca domestica L. In an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur city, filariform larvae identified as the hookworm Necator americanus (Stiles) occurred in the intestines of the face-fly Musca sorbens Wiedemann (22 larvae per 100 flies) and of Chrysomya megacephala (4.5 larvae per 100 flies). This concentration of apparently infective N. americanus in M. sorbens, a fly which often breeds in faeces and browses on human skin, could have transmission potential.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Vectors/parasitology*
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