MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 407 IVF pregnancies in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah Kedah from 2014 to 2019. Serum hCG was withdrawn on either (i) day 16 post-oocyte retrieval for fresh IVF cycle or (ii) day 16 from the addition of progesterone in frozen embryo cycles. Outcomes of IVF pregnancies were analysed in relation to the level of serum hCG.
RESULTS: The overall median hCG level in singleton live birth was 304.7 IU/L, 547.10 IU/L for multiple live births, and early pregnancy loss level was 77 IU/L. When the ROC graphs were plotted, serum hCG level of 152.85 IU/L predicted singleton livebirth with a sensitivity of 81.3%. Serum hCG of 322.40 IU/L predicted multiple live births with sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 64.3%. In the subgroup analysis comparing prediction hCG level in singleton live birth; the cut-off point in frozen cycle was found to be higher as compared to fresh cycle, 277.05 IU/L vs 117.5 IU/L. Blastocyst pregnancies recorded overall higher predictor hCG level as compared to cleavage state in all the outcomes measured; singleton live birth (372.30 IU/L), early pregnancy loss (107.60 IU/L), and multiple pregnancies (711.40 IU/L).
CONCLUSION: A single reading of serum hCG taken at day 16 post-oocyte retrieval or day 16 from the addition of progesterone in a frozen cycle will help to determine the outcomes of IVF pregnancies and direct the physicians during counselling sessions and plan for further follow-up of the patients.
AIM: The aim of this review is to analyze current data regarding options of treatment for men with hypogonadism and infertility.
MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: A comprehensive review of the current literature on management of infertility among hypogonadal men.
METHODS: A literature search using PubMed from 1980 to 2012 was done on articles published in the English language. The following medical subject heading terms were used: "infertility," "infertile," "hypogonadism;" "testosterone deficiency" and "men" or "male;" and "treatment" or "management."
RESULTS: The options for hypogonadal testicular failure are limited. Hormonal treatment is by and large ineffective. For secondary hypogonadism (hypogonadotropic/normogonadotropic hypogonadism), the options include gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and anti-estrogens and aromatase inhibitors. Dopamine antagonist is indicated for prolactinoma. Artificial reproductive technique is indicated for primary testicular failure and also when medical therapy fails.
CONCLUSION: The most suitable option with the current data available is hCG with or without hMG/FSH. Testosterone supplementation should be avoided, but if they are already on it, it is still possible for a return of normal sperm production within 1 year after discontinuing testosterone. Ho CCK and Tan HM. Treatment of the hypogonadal infertile male-A review. Sex Med Rev 2013;1:42-49.