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Satiation or satiety? More than mere semantics - Authors' reply

Carbone MF, Mahadeva S, Lacy BE, Talley NJ, Ford AC

Lancet, 2021 03 20;397(10279):1061.
PMID: 33743867 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00239-7
Matched MeSH terms: Satiation*
Fulltext Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation

Spence C, Okajima K, Cheok AD, Petit O, Michel C

Brain Cogn, 2016 12;110:53-63.
PMID: 26432045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.006

One of the brain's key roles is to facilitate foraging and feeding. It is presumably no coincidence, then, that the mouth is situated close to the brain in most animal species. However, the environments in which our brains evolved were far less plentiful in terms of the availability of food resources (i.e., nutriments) than is the case for those of us living in the Western world today. The growing obesity crisis is but one of the signs that humankind is not doing such a great job in terms of optimizing the contemporary food landscape. While the blame here is often put at the doors of the global food companies - offering addictive foods, designed to hit 'the bliss point' in terms of the pleasurable ingredients (sugar, salt, fat, etc.), and the ease of access to calorie-rich foods - we wonder whether there aren't other implicit cues in our environments that might be triggering hunger more often than is perhaps good for us. Here, we take a closer look at the potential role of vision; Specifically, we question the impact that our increasing exposure to images of desirable foods (what is often labelled 'food porn', or 'gastroporn') via digital interfaces might be having, and ask whether it might not inadvertently be exacerbating our desire for food (what we call 'visual hunger'). We review the growing body of cognitive neuroscience research demonstrating the profound effect that viewing such images can have on neural activity, physiological and psychological responses, and visual attention, especially in the 'hungry' brain.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation/physiology*
Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest,Sarawak, Malaysia

Sakai S, Momose K, Yumoto T, Nagamitsu T, Nagamasu H, Hamid AA, et al.

Am J Bot, 1999 Oct;86(10):1414-36.
PMID: 10523283

The first systematic observation of a general flowering, a phenomenon unique to lowland mixed-dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia, is presented. During general flowering, which occurs at irregular intervals of 3-10 yr, nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families come heavily into flower. We monitored reproductive phenology of 576 individual plants representing 305 species in 56 families in Sarawak, Malaysia. Observations continued for 53 mo from August 1992 and covered one episode of a general flowering cycle. Among 527 effective reproductive events during 43 mo, 57% were concentrated in the general flowering period (GFP) of 10 mo in 1996. We classified 257 species into flowering types based on timing and frequency of flowering. The most abundant type was "general flowering" (35%), which flowered only during GFP. The others were "supra-annual" (19%), "annual" (13%), and "sub-annual" (5%) types. General flowering type and temporal aggregation in reproductive events were commonly found among species in various categories of taxonomic groups, life forms, pollination systems, and fruit types. Possible causes for general flowering, such as promotion of pollination brought about by interspecific synchronization and paucity of climatic cues suitable for flowering trigger, are proposed, in addition to the predator satiation hypothesis of Janzen (1974).

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation
No effect of monosodium glutamate on subjective appetite and subsequent energy intake in children of different ethnicities

Lim SY, Dora R, Yatiman NH, Wong JE, Haron H, Poh BK

Appetite, 2021 12 01;167:105629.
PMID: 34364967 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105629

Studies have shown that monosodium glutamate (MSG) can enhance satiety and reduce appetite among infants and adults. In a multi-ethnic country such as Malaysia, it is also important to consider whether ethnic variations will influence the effects of MSG on appetite regulation. Thus, this crossover study aimed to investigate the effects of MSG on the subjective appetite and subsequent energy intake among Malaysian children from the three major ethnic groups, namely the Malays, Chinese and Indians. A total of 92 participants aged 9-11 years from the three ethnic groups were recruited for this study. A cup of low-energy vegetable preload soup (100g, with MSG or without MSG) was served to each of the participants on the day of the study, followed by an ad libitum meal 45 min later. Appetite ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat and desire to snack were recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS) before the preload, after the preload, before the ad libitum meal and after the ad libitum meal. Results showed that the subjective appetite of the children did not differ between preload conditions (MSG+ or MSG-) throughout the study. Malay, Chinese and Indian children had similar total energy intake during the subsequent meal after the consumption of preload soups. In conclusion, the addition of MSG to low energy preload neither influenced the perception of appetite nor total energy intake in a subsequent ad libitum meal among children. No difference attributable to the participants' ethnicity was observed. Future studies should be conducted to examine whether repeated ingestion of MSG-containing protein-rich preload has potential longer-term effects on appetite and subsequent meal intakes among children from different ethnicities.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation
A psychometric investigation of Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Caregiver Eating Messages Scale and Intuitive Eating Scale-2

da Silva WR, Neves AN, Ferreira L, Campos JADB, Swami V

Eat Weight Disord, 2020 Feb;25(1):221-230.
PMID: 30076529 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0557-3

The Caregiver Eating Messages Scale (CEMS) was developed to assess perceived restrictive or critical caregiver messages in relation to food intake and pressure to eat, whereas the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) measures one's tendency to follow internal cues of hunger and satiety when making eating-related decisions. Both scales are useful in the arsenal of eating behaviour scholars. Here, we developed Brazilian Portuguese translations of both scales and assessed their psychometric properties in Brazilian adults. A total of 288 participants (men = 52.8%) completed the CEMS, IES-2, Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), and a demographic questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of both scales had adequate fit following the elimination of items and addition of covariances. Evidence of adequate factorial, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability was identified. Furthermore, correlations of CEMS and IES-2 with BAS scores and body mass index were obtained. Both instruments' models were found to be invariant across sex, with men having significantly higher scores on three subscales of the IES-2 only. These results provide evidence for the psychometric properties of the CEMS and IES-2 in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking adults.Level of Evidence: V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation*
Fulltext Effect of Sequence of Fruit Intake in a Meal on Satiety

Abdul Hakim BN, Yahya HM, Shahar S, Abdul Manaf Z, Damanhuri H

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 11 13;16(22).
PMID: 31766283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224464

Little is known about the effects of manipulating sequence of fruit consumption during a meal in suppressing an individual's appetite. Therefore, we investigate the effects of the sequence of fruit intake on satiety and blood glucose in a group of 17 healthy, young male adults. This intervention study repeatedly measured the effects of fruit intake (120 g red apple) before and after a meal and control (no fruit). Ad libitum test meal was weighed before and after a meal. Subjective appetite rating and appetite-related hormones were assessed at regular time intervals. The satiety score was significantly higher for fruit intake before a meal followed by after a meal and control (p < 0.05). Eating fruit before a meal reduced 18.5% (166 kcal) subsequent energy intake compared to control (p < 0.05). Fruit intake before a meal had a significantly higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), compared to after a meal (p < 0.05). There were no differences in plasma changes of ghrelin, Cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8), or blood glucose in all sessions. Consuming fruit before a meal potentially enhanced satiety. Further research is required to confirm both short- and long-term effects of the sequence of fruit intake on appetite regulation in a wider population.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation*
Greater gastric interoception is associated with more positive body image: Evidence from adults in Malaysia and the United Kingdom

Todd J, Aspell JE, Barron D, Toh EKL, Zahari HS, Mohd Khatib NA, et al.

Body Image, 2020 Sep;34:101-111.
PMID: 32512525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.011

Gastric interoception refers to the processing of sensory stimuli originating in the gut. Previous research has found that gastric interoception (measured using a water load task) is associated with drive for thinness in young Western women. However, associations with broader facets of body image and in diverse national groups have not been previously investigated. To address these issues, we asked samples of adults in the United Kingdom (UK; N = 91, women n = 54) and Malaysia (N = 100, women n = 50) to complete a 2-stage water load task (WLT) and measures of positive body image (i.e., body appreciation, functionality appreciation). The results indicated that a greater change in the intensity of self-reported WLT-related sensations was associated with significantly higher body appreciation and functionality appreciation after accounting for gender identity, body mass index, and national group. Behavioural performance on the WLT was significantly associated with body appreciation and functionality appreciation for the Malaysian sample, but not the UK adults, after accounting for gender identity and body mass index. These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that there are significant associations between facets of gastric interoception and previously unexplored facets of body image in both Western and non-Western settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation/physiology
Phototrophic purple bacteria as feed supplement on the growth, feed utilization and body compositions of Malaysian mahseer, tor tambroides juveniles

Nor Hafizah Zakaria, Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman, Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury, Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:135-140.

The application of microbial techniques in aquaculture has been playing a vital role to increase the production yield by improving the nutritional values of the targeted fish. Phototrophic purple bacteria as single cell protein (SCP) appears to be a promising substitution for protein rich supplement for aquaculture feeds making them a promising growth enhancer in aquaculture industry. Two species of phototrophic purple bacteria, Marichromatium sp. and Rhodopseudomonas sp. were used in the commercial diet to compare the growth, survival rate and feed utilizationon for Tor tambroides juvenile. Purple bacteria were isolated from mangrove sediment and fish tank and mass cultured using 112 synthetic media under anaerobic light condition. Bacterial cells were included in the diets by mixing the fresh biomass with the crushed commercial pellet, re-pelleted and air-dried. The experimental diets were fed to the fingerlings twice per day for 10 weeks to satiation level. The results showed that there were trends of increased growth, better survival rate and improved feed conversion ratio when fed with diet 1 (Marichromatium sp.) compared with other diets. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the sampling days. The specific growth rate and weight gain of the fish fed with diet 1 were 0.49 % and 4.92 g, respectively, compared to 0.42% and 4.11 g from the control. This study suggested that purple bacteria could be used in feed formulation as a supplement to promote growth and survival of freshwater fishes in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation
Fulltext Dietary Prebiotics and Probiotics Influence the Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, and Body Indices of Snakehead (Channa striata) Fingerlings

Munir MB, Hashim R, Abdul Manaf MS, Nor SA

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):111-25.
PMID: 27688855 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.9

This study used a two-phase feeding trial to determine the influence of selected dietary prebiotics and probiotics on growth performance, feed utilisation, and morphological changes in snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings as well as the duration of these effects over a post-experimental period without supplementation. Triplicate groups of fish (22.46 ±0.17 g) were raised on six different treatment diets: three prebiotics (0.2% β-glucan, 1% galacto-oligosaccharides [GOS], 0.5% mannan-oligosaccharides [MOS]), two probiotics (1% live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae] and 0.01% Lactobacillus acidophilus [LBA] powder) and a control (unsupplemented) diet; there were three replicates for each treatment. All diets contained 40% crude protein and 12% crude lipid. Fish were fed to satiation three times daily. No mortalities were recorded during Phase 1; however, 14% mortality was documented in the control and prebiotic-amended fish during Phase 2. At the end of Phase 1, growth performance and feed utilisation were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the LBA-treated fish, followed by live yeast treatment, compared with all other diets tested. The performance of fish on the three prebiotic diets were not significantly different from one another but was significantly higher than the control diet. During Phase 2 (the post-feeding phase), fish growth continued until the 6th week for the probiotic-based diets but levelled off after four weeks for the fish fed the prebiotic diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in all treatments during the post-feeding period. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ significantly among the tested diets. The visceral somatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) were highest in the LBA-based diet and the control diet, respectively. The body indices were significantly different (p<0.05) between Phases 1 and 2. This study demonstrates that probiotic-based diets have a more positive influence on the growth, feed utilisation, and survival of C. striata fingerlings compared with supplementation with prebiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation
Rice bran replacement in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings diets with Pleurotus florida stalk

Hasniyati Muin, Nurul Nadwa Abdul Fatah, Mohd Hakimi Mohd Nor, Shaharudin Abdul Razak

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1109-1114.

The effect of replacement of ricebran by mushroom stalk (Pleurotus florida), an agriculture waste on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings was investigated for 42 days. Three isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) experimental diets containing 100% (Diet 1), 50% (Diet 2) and 0% (Diet 3) mushroom meal were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fingerlings in experimental tanks, with each tank stocking 12 fishes. The fishes were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 6 weeks. Good survival rates were obtained from fish fed with Diet 1 (94%) and Diet 3 (94%). There was no significant differences in body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all diets (p>0.05). The fish fed with Diet 1 showed the best BWG, SGR, FCR and PER compared with Diet 2 and Diet 3. An economic evaluation indicated that Diet 1 gave the lowest production cost at RM2.03/kg followed by Diet 2 and Diet 3 at RM2.18/kg and RM2.38/kg, respectively. This study showed that the best diet was Diet 1 with 100% replacement of rice bran with mushroom stalks costing RM2.03/kg, the cheapest among the three diets.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation
The amount and types of fatty acids acutely affect insulin, glycemic and gastrointestinal peptide responses but not satiety in metabolic syndrome subjects

Chang CY, Kanthimathi MS, Tan AT, Nesaretnam K, Teng KT

Eur J Nutr, 2018 Feb;57(1):179-190.
PMID: 27632019 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1307-9

PURPOSE: Limited clinical evidence is available on the effects of amount and types of dietary fats on postprandial insulinemic and gastrointestinal peptide responses in metabolic syndrome subjects. We hypothesized that meals enriched with designated: (1) amount of fats (50 vs 20 g), (2) fats with differing fatty acid composition (saturated, SFA; monounsaturated, MUFA or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA) would affect insulinemic and gastrointestinal peptide releases in metabolic syndrome subjects.
METHODS: Using a randomized, crossover and double-blinded design, 15 men and 15 women with metabolic syndrome consumed high-fat meals enriched with SFA, MUFA or n-6 PUFA, or a low-fat/high-sucrose (SUCR) meal. C-peptide, insulin, glucose, gastrointestinal peptides and satiety were measured up to 6 h.
RESULTS: As expected, SUCR meal induced higher C-peptide (45 %), insulin (45 %) and glucose (49 %) responses compared with high-fat meals regardless of types of fatty acids (P < 0.001). Interestingly, incremental area under the curve (AUC0-120min) for glucagon-like peptide-1 was higher after SUCR meal compared with MUFA (27 %) and n-6 PUFA meals (23 %) (P = 0.01). AUC0-120min for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide was higher after SFA meal compared with MUFA (23 %) and n-6 PUFA meals (20 %) (P = 0.004). Significant meal x time interaction (P = 0.007) was observed for ghrelin, but not cholecystokinin and satiety.
CONCLUSIONS: The amount of fat regardless of the types of fatty acids affects insulin and glycemic responses. Both the amount and types of fatty acids acutely affect the gastrointestinal peptide release in metabolic syndrome subjects, but not satiety.

Matched MeSH terms: Satiation/drug effects*

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