MyMedR

Revision of Sarcocystis orientalis Zaman and Colley, 1975

Zaman V

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Dec;6(4):603.

PMID: 818718

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/veterinary

Fulltext Prevalence of Muscular Sarcosporidiosis in Slaughtered Domestic Pigs in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

Zainalabidin FA, Noorazmi MS, Bakri WN, Sathaya G, Ismail MI

Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jan;28(1):161-166.

PMID: 28228924 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.12

Sarcosporidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, namely, Sarcocystis spp. In pigs, three species of Sarcocystis spp. have been recognised, including Sarcocystis meischeriana, Sarcocystis porcifelis and Sarcocystis suihominis. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of muscular sarcosporidiosis in pigs using the pepsin digestion technique. A total of 150 fresh heart, oesophagus and thigh muscle samples from 50 Yorkshire and Landrace pigs were collected from two local abattoirs in Perak from May to August 2014. All the fresh muscle samples were thoroughly examined for macrocyst-forming Sarcocystis spp. and processed using the peptic digestion technique to detect bradyzoites. The results from the muscle samples showed that 58% (29 out of 50) of the pigs were positive for Sarcocystis spp. These findings highlight the importance of implementing stringent measures for screening pigs in abattoirs for Sarcocystis spp. infection because this infection in pigs is a public health concern.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis

Light microscopic and three-dimensional morphology of the human muscular sarcocyst

Wong KT, Clarke G, Pathmanathan R, Hamilton PW

Parasitol Res, 1994;80(2):138-40.

PMID: 8202453

Established criteria for morphological typing of sarcocysts was applied to a large series of cases of human skeletal muscle sarcocystosis in Malaysia to determine the type of sarcocyst present. We also wanted to test the general usefulness of this classification and to determine if there are any new cyst types. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction was done to see if the sarcocyst has a distinct 3-D morphology. A total of 66 sarcocysts from 21 cases of human muscle sarcocystosis obtained from a previous prevalence study were examined. Tissue sections (5 microns thick) were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and studied under the light microscope. For 3-D reconstruction, an image analyser was used to align and reconstruct the sarcocyst after microscopic images had been captured with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. All the cysts best fit into the type 4 category. This classification is generally useful, although cyst wall characteristics and zoite size appear to be the most reliable criteria for classification. The cyst width averaged 77 microns (range, 30-137.5 microns). Cyst walls were smooth, had no cytophaneres and were less than 1 micron thick. No secondary cyst wall or surrounding inflammation was evident. Numerous cyst merozoites with diameters averaging 1 micron filled the cyst lumen. Although septa were not apparent, in many cysts, zoites were arranged in a unique, curvilinear fashion that suggested their presence. 3-D reconstruction showed the sarcocyst to be a long, tortuous "cylinder" with no branching or other distinguishing feature.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/pathology*

Human muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia

Wong KT, Pathmanathan R

Trop Geogr Med, 1993;45(4):191.

PMID: 8236476

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/complications; Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*; Sarcocystosis/transmission

Scanning electron microscopy of the human muscular sarcocyst

Wong KT, Yusoff M

Parasitol Res, 1995;81(4):359-60.

PMID: 7624297

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/parasitology*

High prevalence of human skeletal muscle sarcocystosis in south-east Asia

Wong KT, Pathmanathan R

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1992 11 1;86(6):631-2.

PMID: 1287922

The prevalence of human skeletal muscle sarcocystosis in Malaysia was determined by serial examination of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tongue tissues obtained from consecutive, routine autopsies of subjects aged 12 years or more. Of 100 tongues examined, 21% were found to contain Sarcocystis; 66 cysts were found. The number of cysts per case varied from 1 to 13. In one case, 5 cysts were found in a single tissue section. The age range of positive cases was from 16 to 57 years (mean 37.7 years). Prevalence did not differ with regard to race, sex or occupation. The prevalence of human muscular sarcocystosis in our study was higher than that reported elsewhere. Preferential localization of Sarcocystis in tongue or head and neck and/or genuinely high prevalence in south-east Asia are possible explanations for this observation.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*; Sarcocystosis/parasitology

Ultrastructure of the human skeletal muscle sarcocyst

Wong KT, Pathmanathan R

J Parasitol, 1994 Apr;80(2):327-30.

PMID: 8158479

The ultrastructure of the human skeletal muscle sarcocyst found in Malaysia is reported. Sarcocyst-positive, formalin-fixed tongue tissues were postfixed in osmium tetroxide. The primary cyst wall consisted of a thin membrane supported by osmiophilic material that was interrupted regularly by vesicle-like invaginations. Although there were no cytophaneres, stubby protrusions of the primary wall were observed. These protrusions were accentuated by dense, curvilinear material externally. The primary wall was wavy over about half the cross section of the cyst. The granular ground substance underlying the primary wall occasionally contained hitherto undescribed coiled microtubular structures. Branching septa extended from the ground substance into the cyst, separating mature merozoites into compartments. A few peripheral metrocytes and many laminated myelin figure-like structures, probably degenerating merozoites, were found. Although the human muscular sarcocyst has the same basic ultrastructure as those found in other animals, the stubby protrusions and coiled microtubular structures in the ground substance have not been described previously in nonhuman animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/parasitology*

[Emerging parasitic diseases]

Weibel Galluzzo C, Wagner N, Michel Y, Jackson Y, Chappuis F

Rev Med Suisse, 2014 May 7;10(429):1008-13.

PMID: 24908745

Travels, migration and circulation of goods facilitate the emergence of new infectious diseases often unrecognized outside endemic areas. Most of emerging infections are of viral origin. Muscular Sarcocystis infection, an acute illness acquired during short trips to Malaysia, and Chagas disease, a chronic illness with long incubation period found among Latin American migrants, are two very different examples of emerging parasitic diseases. The former requires a preventive approach for travelers going to Malaysia and must be brought forth when they return with fever, myalgia and eosinophilia, while the latter requires a proactive attitude to screen Latin American migrant populations that may face difficulties in accessing care.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/diagnosis*; Sarcocystosis/parasitology

Seroprevalence of sarcocystosis in the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman Islands using recombinant surface antigens 3 (rSAG3) of Sarcocystis falcatula

Tengku-Idris TIN, Fong MY, Lau YL

Trop Med Int Health, 2018 12;23(12):1374-1383.

PMID: 30286271 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13160

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seroprevalence of Sarcocystosis in the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman islands, Malaysia, by using antigenic recombinant surface antigens 2 and 3 from Sarcocystis falcatula (rSfSAG2 and rSfSAG3) as the target proteins via Western blot and ELISA assays.

METHODS: SfSAG2 and SfSAG3 genes were isolated from S. falcatula and expressed in Escherichia coli expression system. A total of 348 serum samples [volunteers from both islands (n = 100), non-Sarcocystis parasitic infections patients (n = 50) and healthy donors (n = 100)] were collected and tested with purified SfSAGs in Western blot and ELISA assays to measure the seroprevalence of human sarcocystosis.

RESULTS: None of the sera in this study reacted with rSfSAG2 by Western blot and ELISA. For rSfSAG3, relatively high prevalence of sarcocystosis was observed in Tioman Island (75.5%) than in Pangkor Island (34%) by Western blot. In ELISA, the different prevalence rate was observed between Tioman Island (43.8%) and Pangkor Island (37%). The prevalence rate in other parasitic infections (amoebiasis, cysticercosis, filariasis, malaria, toxocariasis and toxoplasmosis) was 30% by Western blot and 26% by ELISA. Only 8% (by Western blot) and 10% (by ELISA) of healthy donors showed reactivity towards rSfSAG3.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting a seroprevalence of sarcocystosis in Pangkor and Tioman Islands, Malaysia. The combination of Western blot and ELISA is suitable to be used for serodiagnosis of sarcocystosis. With further evaluations, SfSAG3 can potentially be used to confirm infection, asymptomatic screening, surveillance and epidemiological studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/blood*; Sarcocystosis/immunology*

Fulltext Human and animal invasive muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia--recent cases, review and hypotheses

Tappe D, Abdullah S, Heo CC, Kannan Kutty M, Latif B

Trop Biomed, 2013 Sep;30(3):355-66.

PMID: 24189667

Sarcocystosis, an unusual parasitic zoonotic disease, is caused by coccidian/ apicomplexan protozoa in humans and animals. The parasites usually develop in a heteroxenous predator-prey life-cycle involving final (carnivore) and intermediate (omnivore/herbivore) hosts. Besides the intestinal, non-invasive form of the disease in which humans and animals are the definitive hosts for certain Sarcocystis spp., the invasive form has come to recent attention. In the latter, humans and animals serve as intermediate host harbouring sarcocysts in their muscle tissue. Already in 1991 sarcocystosis was seen as a potential emerging food borne zoonosis in Malaysia, and in 2011 and 2012 the largest cluster of symptomatic human muscular sarcocystosis world-wide was reported from Tioman Island, Pahang state. In this review, we focus on invasive sarcocystosis in humans and animals in Malaysia, review the recorded cases and epidemiology, and present hypotheses.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*; Sarcocystosis/parasitology; Sarcocystosis/pathology; Sarcocystosis/veterinary*

Suspected new wave of muscular sarcocystosis in travellers returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia, May 2014

Tappe D, Stich A, Langeheinecke A, von Sonnenburg F, Muntau B, Schäfer J, et al.

Euro Surveill, 2014 May 29;19(21).

PMID: 24906376

In May 2014, six patients presented in Germany with a Sarcocystis-associated febrile myositis syndrome after returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia. During two earlier waves of infections, in 2011 and 2012, about 100 travellers returning to various European countries from the island were affected. While the first two waves were associated with travel to Tioman Island mostly during the summer months, this current series of infections is associated with travel in early spring, possibly indicating an upcoming new epidemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/diagnosis*; Sarcocystosis/drug therapy

Fulltext Initial patient cluster and first positive biopsy findings in an outbreak of acute muscular Sarcocystis-like infection in travelers returning from Tioman island, Peninsular Malaysia, in 2011

Tappe D, Ernestus K, Rauthe S, Schoen C, Frosch M, Müller A, et al.

J Clin Microbiol, 2013 Feb;51(2):725-6.

PMID: 23224083 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03063-12

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/diagnosis*; Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*

Fulltext Human Invasive Muscular Sarcocystosis Induces Th2 Cytokine Polarization and Biphasic Cytokine Changes, Based on an Investigation among Travelers Returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia

Tappe D, Slesak G, Pérez-Girón JV, Schäfer J, Langeheinecke A, Just-Nübling G, et al.

Clin Vaccine Immunol, 2015 Jun;22(6):674-7.

PMID: 25903356 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00042-15

Sarcocystis nesbitti is a parasite responsible for a biphasic eosinophilic febrile myositis syndrome in two recent outbreaks in Malaysia. We demonstrate Th2 cytokine polarization in infected travelers, an overall cytokine production decrease in the early phase of the disease suggestive of initial immunosuppression, and elevated levels of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines in the later myositic phase.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/immunology; Sarcocystosis/pathology*

Fulltext Prolonged clinical course of muscular sarcocystosis and effectiveness of cotrimoxazole among travelers to Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011-2014

Slesak G, Schäfer J, Langeheinecke A, Tappe D

Clin Infect Dis, 2015 Jan 15;60(2):329.

PMID: 25301217 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu791

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*

[Muscular sarcocystosis after travel to Malaysia: a case series from Germany]

Slesak G, Tappe D, Keller C, Cramer J, Güthoff W, Zanger P, et al.

Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 2014 May;139(19):990-5.

PMID: 24782151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1370004

Since 2011, about 100 travellers to the island of Tioman, Malaysia, have been diagnosed worldwide with suspected muscular sarcocystosis, a previously only sporadically observed parasitic disease. Source of infection and therapy remain unclear. Final diagnosis requires microscopic identification of cysts in muscle biopsies. The study objective was a systematic description of characteristic symptoms, laboratory investigations and treatment response.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/diagnosis*; Sarcocystosis/immunology; Sarcocystosis/pathology; Sarcocystosis/transmission

Current public health status of some food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Malaysia

Singh KI

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Dec;22 Suppl:11-5.

PMID: 1822865

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology

Food-borne parasitoses in Malaysia epidemiological assessment and research needs

Shekhar KC

J R Soc Health, 1995 Jun;115(3):178-85.

PMID: 7643345

Food-borne parasitic zoonoses have emerged as a major public health problem in many countries and are posing a medical challenge. They are not only important from the economic point of view but also because of their severe sequelae. In Malaysia, these parasitoses are a tip of an iceberg problem. The article documents all the food-borne parasitic zoonoses reported in Malaysia. An epidemiological assessment of the diseases with research needs is highlighted.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology; Sarcocystosis/parasitology

The fourth case of Sarcocystis infection in man in Malaysia

Prathap K, Dissanaike AS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1978 Sep;9(3):452-3.

PMID: 107599

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/pathology*

Third case of Sarcocystis from man in Malaysia

Prathap K, Dissanaike AS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1976 Sep;7(3):489.

PMID: 828977

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/epidemiology*

Three cases of human Sarcocystis infection with a review of human muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia

Pathmanathan R, Kan SP

Trop Geogr Med, 1992 Jan;44(1-2):102-8.

PMID: 1496700

Three cases of muscular sarcocystosis from West Malaysia are reported. The morphological features of the parasites from these three cases are similar to the eight cases previously reported from this country. A review of this total of eleven cases of muscular sarcocystosis showed that they were all incidental findings, where man acted as intermediate hosts of as yet unknown Sarcocystis spp. These cases of muscular sarcocystosis were probably zoonotic in origin and associated with close contact with definitive hosts (both domestic and wild animals) thus permitting the contamination of food and drink with sporocysts shed by these definitive hosts. These infections were probably acquired locally as most of the subjects were born in Malaysia and none had ever left the country to stay elsewhere. Eight of the eleven cases reported were associated with malignancies, especially of the tongue and nasopharynx.

Matched MeSH terms: Sarcocystosis/complications; Sarcocystosis/epidemiology; Sarcocystosis/pathology*

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