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Complete genome sequence of Novosphingobium resinovorum SA1, a versatile xenobiotic-degrading bacterium capable of utilizing sulfanilic acid

Hegedűs B, Kós PB, Bálint B, Maróti G, Gan HM, Perei K, et al.

J Biotechnol, 2017 Jan 10;241:76-80.
PMID: 27851894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.013

Sulfanilic acid (4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) is a sulfonated aromatic amine widely used in chemical industries for synthesis of various organic dyes and sulfa drugs. There are quite a few microbial co-cultures or single isolates capable of completely degrading this compound. Novosphingobium resinovorum SA1 was the first single bacterium which could utilize sulfanilic acid as its sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source. The strain has versatile catabolic routes for the bioconversion of numerous other aromatic compounds. Here, the complete genome sequence of the N. resinovorum SA1 strain is reported. The genome consists of a circular chromosome of 3.8 Mbp and four extrachromosomal elements between 67 and 1 759.8 kbp in size. Three alternative 3-ketoadipate pathways were identified on the plasmids. Sulfanilic acid is decomposed via a modified 3-ketoadipate pathway and the oxygenases involved form a phylogenetically separate branch on the tree. Sequence analysis of these elements might provide a genetic background for deeper insight into the versatile catabolic metabolism of various aromatic xenobiotics, including sulfanilic acid and its derivatives. Moreover, this is also a good model strain for understanding the role and evolution of multiple genetic elements within a single strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/analysis; Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*
Fulltext Genome sequence of Hydrogenophaga sp. strain PBC, a 4-aminobenzenesulfonate-degrading bacterium

Gan HM, Chew TH, Tay YL, Lye SF, Yahya A

J Bacteriol, 2012 Sep;194(17):4759-60.
PMID: 22887664 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00990-12

Hydrogenophaga sp. strain PBC is an effective degrader of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate isolated from textile wastewater. Here we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into its metabolic potential. This is the first announcement of the draft genome sequence of a strain from the genus Hydrogenophaga.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*
Fulltext Genome sequence of Ralstonia sp. strain PBA, a bacterium involved in the biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate

Gan HM, Chew TH, Tay YL, Lye SF, Yahya A

J Bacteriol, 2012 Sep;194(18):5139-40.
PMID: 22933765 DOI: 10.1128/JB.01165-12

Ralstonia sp. strain PBA was isolated from textile wastewater in a coculture with Hydrogenophaga sp. strain PBC. Here we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into the mechanism of its interaction with strain PBC during 4-aminobenzenesulfonate degradation.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism
Cloning and functional analysis of the genes coding for 4-aminobenzenesulfonate 3,4-dioxygenase from Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC

Gan HM, Shahir S, Yahya A

Microbiology (Reading), 2012 Aug;158(Pt 8):1933-1941.
PMID: 22609751 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059550-0

The gene coding for the oxygenase component, sadA, of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) 3,4-dioxygenase in Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC was previously identified via transposon mutagenesis. Expression of wild-type sadA in trans restored the ability of the sadA mutant to grow on 4-ABS. The inclusion of sadB and sadD, coding for a putative glutamine-synthetase-like protein and a plant-type ferredoxin, respectively, further improved the efficiency of 4-ABS degradation. Transcription analysis using the gfp promoter probe plasmid showed that sadABD was expressed during growth on 4-ABS and 4-sulfocatechol. Heterologous expression of sadABD in Escherichia coli led to the biotransformation of 4-ABS to a metabolite which shared a similar retention time and UV/vis profile with 4-sulfocatechol. The putative reductase gene sadC was isolated via degenerate PCR and expression of sadC and sadABD in E. coli led to maximal 4-ABS biotransformation. In E. coli, the deletion of sadB completely eliminated dioxygenase activity while the deletion of sadC or sadD led to a decrease in dioxygenase activity. Phylogenetic analysis of SadB showed that it is closely related to the glutamine-synthetase-like proteins involved in the aniline degradation pathway. This is the first discovery, to our knowledge, of the functional genetic components for 4-ABS aromatic ring hydroxylation in the bacterial domain.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*
Fulltext Identification of genes involved in the 4-aminobenzenesulfonate degradation pathway of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC via transposon mutagenesis

Gan HM, Ibrahim Z, Shahir S, Yahya A

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2011 May;318(2):108-14.
PMID: 21323982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02245.x

Genes involved in the 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) degradation pathway of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC were identified using transposon mutagenesis. The screening of 10,000 mutants for incomplete 4-ABS biotransformation identified four mutants with single transposon insertion. Genes with insertions that impaired the ability to utilize 4-ABS for growth included (1) 4-sulfocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase β-subunit (pcaH2) and 3-sulfomuconate cycloisomerase involved in the modified β-ketoadipate pathway; (2) 4-aminobenzenesulfonate 3,4-dioxygenase component (sadA) involved in aromatic ring hydroxylation; and (3) transposase gene homolog with a putative cis-diol dehydrogenase gene located downstream. The pcaH2 mutant strain accumulated brown metabolite during growth on 4-ABS which was identified as 4-sulfocatechol through thin layer chromatography and HPLC analyses. Supplementation of wild-type sadA gene in trans restored the 4-ABS degradation ability of the sadA mutant, thus supporting the annotation of its disrupted gene.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*
Biosorption and biodegradation of Acid Orange 7 by Enterococcus faecalis strain ZL: optimization by response surface methodological approach

Lim CK, Bay HH, Aris A, Abdul Majid Z, Ibrahim Z

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2013 Jul;20(7):5056-66.
PMID: 23334551 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1476-5

Reactive dyes account for one of the major sources of dye wastes in textile effluent. In this study, decolorization of the monoazo dye, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) by the Enterococcus faecalis strain ZL that isolated from a palm oil mill effluent treatment plant has been investigated. Decolorization efficiency of azo dye is greatly affected by the types of nutrients and the size of inoculum used. In this work, one-factor-at-a-time (method and response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize these operational factors and also to study the combined interaction between them. Analysis of AO7 decolorization was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, desorption study, UV-Vis spectral analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimum condition via RSM for the color removal of AO7 was found to be as follows: yeast extract, 0.1% w/v, glycerol concentration of 0.1% v/v, and inoculum density of 2.5% v/v at initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L at 37 °C. Decolorization efficiency of 98% was achieved in only 5 h. The kinetic of AO7 decolorization was found to be first order with respect to dye concentration with a k value of 0.87/h. FTIR, desorption study, UV-Vis spectral analysis, FESEM, and HPLC findings indicated that the decolorization of AO7 was mainly due to the biosorption as well as biodegradation of the bacterial cells. In addition, HPLC analyses also showed the formation of sulfanilic acid as a possible degradation product of AO7 under facultative anaerobic condition. This study explored the ability of E. faecalis strain ZL in decolorizing AO7 by biosorption as well as biodegradation process.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/analysis; Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism
Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by Ralstonia sp. PBA and Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant

Gan HM, Shahir S, Ibrahim Z, Yahya A

Chemosphere, 2011 Jan;82(4):507-13.
PMID: 21094980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.094

A co-culture consisting of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC and Ralstonia sp. PBA, isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant could tolerate up to 100 mM 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) and utilize it as sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source under aerobic condition. The biodegradation of 4-ABS resulted in the release of nitrogen and sulfur in the form of ammonium and sulfate respectively. Ninety-eight percent removal of chemical oxygen demand attributed to 20 mM of 4-ABS in cell-free supernatant could be achieved after 118 h. Effective biodegradation of 4-ABS occurred at pH ranging from 6 to 8. During batch culture with 4-ABS as sole carbon and nitrogen source, the ratio of strain PBA to PBC was dynamic and a critical concentration of strain PBA has to be reached in order to enable effective biodegradation of 4-ABS. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the degradation rate at different initial concentrations and the parameters μ(max), K(s) and K(i) were determined to be 0.13 h⁻¹, 1.3 mM and 42 mM respectively. HPLC analyses revealed traced accumulation of 4-sulfocatechol and at least four unidentified metabolites during biodegradation. This is the first study to report on the characterization of 4-ABS-degrading bacterial consortium that was isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*
Fulltext Novel derivative of aminobenzenesulfonamide (3c) induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells through ROS generation and inhibits cell migration

Al-Khayal K, Alafeefy A, Vaali-Mohammed MA, Mahmood A, Zubaidi A, Al-Obeed O, et al.

BMC Cancer, 2017 01 03;17(1):4.
PMID: 28049506 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3005-7

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3(rd) most common type of cancer worldwide. New anti-cancer agents are needed for treating late stage colorectal cancer as most of the deaths occur due to cancer metastasis. A recently developed compound, 3c has shown to have potent antitumor effect; however the mechanism underlying the antitumor effect remains unknown.
METHODS: 3c-induced inhibition of proliferation was measured in the absence and presence NAC using MTT in HT-29 and SW620 cells and xCELLigence RTCA DP instrument. 3c-induced apoptotic studies were performed using flow cytometry. 3c-induced redox alterations were measured by ROS production using fluorescence plate reader and flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry; NADPH and GSH levels were determined by colorimetric assays. Bcl2 family protein expression and cytochrome c release and PARP activation was done by western blotting. Caspase activation was measured by ELISA. Cell migration assay was done using the real time xCELLigence RTCA DP system in SW620 cells and wound healing assay in HT-29.
RESULTS: Many anticancer therapeutics exert their effects by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we demonstrate that 3c-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is reversed by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that 3c acts via increased production of ROS in HT-29 cells. This was confirmed by the direct measurement of ROS in 3c-treated colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, treatment with 3c resulted in decreased NADPH and glutathione levels in HT-29 cells. Further, investigation of the apoptotic pathway showed increased release of cytochrome c resulting in the activation of caspase-9, which in turn activated caspase-3 and -6. 3c also (i) increased p53 and Bax expression, (ii) decreased Bcl2 and BclxL expression and (iii) induced PARP cleavage in human colorectal cancer cells. Confirming our observations, NAC significantly inhibited induction of apoptosis, ROS production, cytochrome c release and PARP cleavage. The results further demonstrate that 3c inhibits cell migration by modulating EMT markers and inhibiting TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Samd3.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings thus demonstrate that 3c disrupts redox balance in colorectal cancer cells and support the notion that this agent may be effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/chemistry*