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Fulltext Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia, 1968--1977

Armstrong RW, Kannan Kutty M, Dharmalingam SK, Ponnudurai JR

Br. J. Cancer, 1979 Oct;40(4):557-67.
PMID: 497106

A record of all known cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia is complete for 10 years from 1968 to 1977. Special efforts in case-finding were made in the State of Selangor where conditions are optimal. Age-adjusted incidence rates among Chinese males and females were 16.5 and 7.2 per 100,000, among Malay males and females 2.3 and 0.7 and among Indian males, 1.0. There were no significant changes in incidence rates over the 10-year period for sex and ethnic groups, or for Chinese subethnic groups. In Chinese subethnic groups, rates were highest among Cantonese, moderate among Khek and lowest among Hokkien and Teochiu. Standardized incidence ratios using Selangor as the standard population indicate considerable under-reporting in the less urban states of Malaysia, particularly among females. In Selangor, incidence rates were similar for urban and rural residents, but the frequency of cases was higher among Chinese working in industry and living in poor neighbourhoods.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Acute appendicitis in West Malaysia

Hussein Bin Dato Sall, Balasegaram M

Med J Malaya, 1972 Sep;27(1):43-7.
PMID: 4264824
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
The distribution and ecology of Bakerocoptes cynopteri (Sarcoptiformes: Bakerocoptidae) in Malaysia

Beck AJ

Acta Trop, 1969;26(3):270-4.
PMID: 4391240
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
The laboratory diagnosis of veneral diseases--II--the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhoea

Jegathesan M

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Sep;29(1):66-9.
PMID: 4282635
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound

Barber JR, Kawahara AY

Biol Lett, 2013 Aug 23;9(4):20130161.
PMID: 23825084 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161

Bats and moths have been engaged in aerial warfare for nearly 65 Myr. This arms race has produced a suite of counter-adaptations in moths, including bat-detecting ears. One set of defensive strategies involves the active production of sound; tiger moths' ultrasonic replies to bat attack have been shown to startle bats, warn the predators of bad taste and jam their biosonar. Here, we report that hawkmoths in the Choerocampina produce entirely ultrasonic sounds in response to tactile stimulation and the playback of biosonar attack sequences. Males do so by grating modified scraper scales on the outer surface of the genital valves against the inner margin of the last abdominal tergum. Preliminary data indicate that females also produce ultrasound to touch and playback of echolocation attack, but they do so with an entirely different mechanism. The anti-bat function of these sounds is unknown but might include startling, cross-family acoustic mimicry, warning of unprofitability or physical defence and/or jamming of echolocation. Hawkmoths present a novel and tractable system to study both the function and evolution of anti-bat defences.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics
Fulltext Perception of orofacial appearance among laypersons with diverse social and demographic status

Alhajj MN, Ariffin Z, Celebić A, Alkheraif AA, Amran AG, Ismail IA

PLoS One, 2020;15(9):e0239232.
PMID: 32941532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239232

BACKGROUND: The perception of dentofacial esthetics differs considerably between patients and dentists. Patient's expectations regarding his/her esthetics are important and should be assessed ahead of any planning of esthetic treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in perception of orofacial appearance by laypersons with different social and demographic status.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 400 subjects. The questionnaire comprised three parts; the first part addressed the demographic variables. The second part queried about dental prosthesis, orthognathic or plastic surgery, and/or ongoing or previous orthodontic treatment. The third part included the Arabic version of the-8-item Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES-Ar) whose responses were scored in the 5-point Likert scale. These scores were compared by different grouping factors (age, gender, marital status, and education) using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Willis tests with 95% confidence interval (α > 0.05).
RESULTS: A total of 268 questionnaires were eligible for analysis, representing 67% response rate. The satisfaction with facial profile appearance was the highest (4.0±1.1) followed by facial appearance (3.9±1.1), while the color of teeth was the least satisfying item (3.1±1.3). No significant differences were found between age groups for the mean summary score as well as for each item independently. No significant difference was found between both sexes except for the last item "overall impression". Married subjects rated one item (alignment of teeth) better than their counterparts. Positive perception of orofacial appearance increased significantly with the increase of education level, the perception of the oral health status, and the perception of the general health status.
CONCLUSION: Good oral health and/or high education level are significant determinants of more positive perception of orofacial esthetic appearance. Patients with these characteristics might be more concerned about their orofacial appearance, and this should be taken into consideration before planning any esthetic restorative dental treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Gender differences in factors influencing intention to undergo cardiovascular disease health checks: A cross-sectional survey

Cheong AT, Tong SF, Chinna K, Khoo EM, Liew SM

PLoS One, 2020;15(9):e0239679.
PMID: 32970741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239679

BACKGROUND: Undergo a health check for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important strategy to improve cardiovascular (CV) health. Men are reported to be less likely to undergo cardiovascular disease (CVD) health check than women. Gender difference could be one of the factors influencing health seeking behaviour of men and women. We aimed to identify gender differences in factors influencing the intention to undergo CVD health checks.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey using mall intercept interviews. Malaysians aged ≥30 years without known CVD were recruited. They were asked for their intention to undergo CVD health checks and associated factors. The factors included seven internal factors that were related to individuals' attitude, perception and preparedness for CVD health checks and two external factors that were related to external resources. Hierarchical ordinal regression analysis was used to evaluate the importance of the factors on intention to undergo CVD health checks, for men and women separately.
RESULTS: 397 participants were recruited, 60% were women. For men, internal factors explained 31.6% of the variances in likeliness and 9.6% of the timeline to undergo CVD health checks, with 1.2% and 1.8% added respectively when external factors were sequentially included. For women, internal factors explained 18.9% and 22.1% of the variances, with 3.1% and 4.2% added with inclusion of the external factors. In men, perceived drawbacks of health checks was a significant negative factor associated with likeliness to undergo CVD health checks (coefficient = -1.093; 95%CI:-1.592 to -0.594), and timeline for checks (coefficient = -0.533; 95%CI:-0.975 to -0.091). In women, readiness to handle outcomes following health checks was significantly associated with likeliness to undergo the checks (coefficient = 0.575; 95%CI: 0.063 to 1.087), and timeline for checks (coefficient = 0.645; 95%CI: 0.162 to 1.128). Both external factors 1) influence by significant others (coefficient = 0.406; 95%CI: 0.013 to 0.800) and 2) external barriers (coefficient = -0.440; 95%CI:-0.869 to -0.011) were also significantly associated with likeliness to undergo CVD health checks in women.
CONCLUSIONS: Both men and women were influenced by internal factors in their intention to undergo CVD health checks, and women were also influenced by external factors. Interventions to encourage CVD health checks need to focus on internal factors and be gender sensitive.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among adolescent girls in Lowry Memorial High School, Bengaluru

Stephen N, Gusen NJ, Kumzhi PR, Gaknung B, Auta DA, Bulndi LB, et al.

Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS, 2018 03 26;41(1):73-82.
PMID: 33062987 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_102_17

Background: Adolescence is a critical stage in human development. Most young people become sexually active during adolescence and are more likely to have multipartner and unprotected sex with high-risk behavior that predisposes them to sexually transmitted infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among adolescent girls.
Methods: An evaluative research approach was adopted, in which a preexperimental, one group pre- and post-test research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS among adolescent girls studying at Lowry Memorial High School, Bengaluru. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were presented in frequency tables and statistical graphs (bar charts) and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistical methods (Chi-square and paired "t"-tests) using SPSS version 21.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that the mean percentage difference in the pre- and post-test knowledge scores was statistically significant at 5% level (P < 0.05). The overall mean post-test knowledge score of adolescent girls on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS was 88.83%. It is apparently higher compared to the pretest knowledge score, which was 67.67% with enhancement of 21.16%. This implies that the structured teaching programme was effective in gaining knowledge of adolescent girls regarding transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that structured teaching programme enhanced the knowledge of the adolescent girls on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. We, therefore, recommend that structured teaching programmes on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS should be encouraged among adolescents and youths to reduce the spread of HIV infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Unsafe Sex
Cytogenetic profile of patients with clinical spectrum of ambiguous genitalia, amenorrhea, and Turner phenotype: A 21-year single-center experience

Elkarhat Z, Belkady B, Charoute H, Zarouf L, Razoki L, Aboulfaraj J, et al.

Am J Med Genet A, 2019 08;179(8):1516-1524.
PMID: 31207162 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61257

The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency and nature of chromosomal abnormalities involved in patients with the clinical spectrum of ambiguous genitalia (AG), amenorrhea, and Turner phenotype, in order to compare them with those reported elsewhere. The study was conducted in the Cytogenetic Department of Pasteur Institute of Morocco, and it reports on the patients who were recruited between 1996 and 2016. Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to the standard method. Among 1,415 patients, chromosomal abnormalities were identified in 7.13% (48/673) of patients with AG, 17.39% (28/161) of patients with primary amenorrhea (PA), 4% (1/25) of patients with secondary amenorrhea, and 23.20% (129/556) of patients with Turner phenotype. However, Turner syndrome was diagnosed in 0.89% (6/673) of patients with AG, 10.56% (17/161) of patients with PA, and 19.78% (110/556) of patients with Turner phenotype. In addition, Klinefelter syndrome and mixed gonadal dysgenesis were confirmed in 2.97% and 1.93% of patients, respectively, with AG, while, chimerism, trisomy 8, and trisomy 13 were confirmed only in 0.15% each. Trisomy 21 was confirmed in patients with AG and Turner phenotype (0.15% and 0.36%, respectively). Moreover, 5.60% (9/161) of patients with PA have been diagnosed as having sex reversal. Thus, the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities observed in Moroccan patients with PA is comparable to that reported in Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, and Hong Kong. However, the frequency is significantly less than that identified in India, Malaysia, Italy, and Romania.

Matched MeSH terms: Disorders of Sex Development/genetics*; Disorders of Sex Development/epidemiology; Disorders of Sex Development/pathology
Fulltext Do Differences in Social Environments Explain Gender Differences in Recreational Walking across Neighbourhoods?

Ghani F, Rachele JN, Loh VH, Washington S, Turrell G

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 06 04;16(11).
PMID: 31167430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111980

Within a city, gender differences in walking for recreation (WfR) vary significantly across neighbourhoods, although the reasons remain unknown. This cross-sectional study investigated the contribution of the social environment (SE) to explaining such variation, using 2009 data from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence healTh and AcTivity (HABITAT) study, including 7866 residents aged 42-67 years within 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia (72.6% response rate). The analytical sample comprised 200 neighbourhoods and 6643 participants (mean 33 per neighbourhood, range 8-99, 95% CI 30.6-35.8). Self-reported weekly minutes of WfR were categorised into 0 and 1-840 mins. The SE was conceptualised through neighbourhood-level perceptions of social cohesion, incivilities and safety from crime. Analyses included multilevel binomial logistic regression with gender as main predictor, adjusting for age, socioeconomic position, residential self-selection and neighbourhood disadvantage. On average, women walked more for recreation than men prior to adjustment for covariates. Gender differences in WfR varied significantly across neighbourhoods, and the magnitude of the variation for women was twice that of men. The SE did not explain neighbourhood differences in the gender-WfR relationship, nor the between-neighbourhood variation in WfR for men or women. Neighbourhood-level factors seem to influence the WfR of men and women differently, with women being more sensitive to their environment, although Brisbane's SE did not seem such a factor.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Impact of gender on sexual problems and perceptions among urban Malay elderly in Malaysia

Minhat HS, Mat Din H, Vasudevan R, Raja Adnan RNE, Ibrahim R

Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2019 01 08;81:240-244.
PMID: 30669017 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.01.001

BACKGROUND: Physical and pathological changes associated with advancing age affect sexual behaviours of the elderly. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of gender on sexual problems and perceptions among the urban Malay elderly.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 Malaysian elderly participants aged 60 years and older who live in Kuala Lumpur. Twelve neighbourhood associations were randomly selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using standardized and validated questionnaire by face-to-face interview technique with which was conducted by trained interviewers.
RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 65.33 (5.87) year old with majority were still married. Female (55.7%) reported more sexual problems as evidenced by the higher proportion of those with lacked interest in having sex (72.5%), find sex is unpleasant (34.8%) and unable to come to orgasm (55.1%). Gender was found to have significant impact on every model obtained in the analysis for both sexual problems and perceptions. Female elderly were 10.6 times more likely to have sexual problem compared to male elderly (OR = 10.64, P

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics
The importance of males: larval diet and adult sugar feeding influences reproduction in Culex molestus

Kassim NF, Webb CE, Russell RC

J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2012 Dec;28(4):312-6.
PMID: 23393755

Culex molestus is an obligatory autogenous mosquito that is closely associated with subterranean habitats in urban areas. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of larval and adult nutrition on the role of males in determining the expression of autogeny in Cx. molestus. Mosquitoes raised at low and high larval diets had sex ratio, wing length, mating rates, autogenous egg raft size, and hatching rates recorded. There was a higher ratio of males to females when raised at a low larval diet. Mean wing lengths of both males and females were significantly greater when raised at the high larval diet regime. Regardless of larval or adult diet, males mated with only a single female. Mosquitoes raised at the higher larval diet regimes developed significantly more autogenous eggs. However, the egg raft size was reduced when adult females were denied access to sugar. The results of this study indicate that the performance of males in the reproductive process is influenced by both larval diet and adult sugar feeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Ratio
Gendered burdens and impacts of SARS-CoV-2: a review

Ayittey FK, Dhar BK, Anani G, Chiwero NB

Health Care Women Int, 2021 2 23;41(11-12):1210-1225.
PMID: 33616506 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1809664

Using the SRQR EQUATOR checklist, we review the gendered burdens and impacts of SARS-CoV-2. Although men are primarily detected to be slightly more vulnerable in succumbing to the ongoing COVID-19 contagion, many researchers have recognized that women are facing more of the devastating brunt in secondary terms. Aside gendered health and social impacts, women are more disproportionately disadvantaged than men in economic terms, as they are predominantly found in the part-time and informal occupations, which have been closed down for months now since the emergence of the current global crisis. Also, since women form the vast proportion of the caregivers within the health sector, their role in handling the pandemic as frontline respondents at the hospitals put them in higher risks of contracting the disease. Despite this higher risk of infection, the peculiar attentions to women's health in the planning and rolling out of actions to contain the virus have been overlooked. Additionally, their unpaid domestic care works have also increased due to closure of schools and businesses, which have forced family members to stay at home for as long as movement control orders remain in place. In this confined state, the domestic violence against women have been recorded to be on the increase. To recommend measures that consider gendered dimensions of the current crisis, we have reviewed the various sex-based burdens and impacts of the pandemic, and proceeded to suggest necessary response actions to handle the situation. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of the outbreak on women, and how the gendered flaws in the current response strategies could be avoided in managing future global crises.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Water balance profiles, humidity preference and survival of two sympatric cockroach egg parasitoids Evania appendigaster and Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae; Eulophidae)

Tee HS, Lee CY

J Insect Physiol, 2015 Jun;77:45-54.
PMID: 25921676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.007

The impact of desiccation on habitat selection, foraging and survival has been characterized for many insects. However, limited information is available for parasitic wasps. In this study, water balance, relative humidity (RH) preference, and effect of humidity on survival of solitary Evania appendigaster (L.) (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) and gregarious Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were examined. These species are both oothecal parasitoids of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). E. appendigaster had significantly higher cuticular permeability (CP) and a lower surface area to volume ratio but a similar percentage of total body water content compared to A. hagenowii. No differences in these attributes were found between sexes of each parasitoid species. The percentage of total body water loss rates among E. appendigaster males and females and A. hagenowii females were similar but significantly lower than that of A. hagenowii males. All parasitoids except E. appendigaster males exhibited reduced survival times as the RH of their enclosure decreased from 87% to 38%, but this phenomenon did not occur when parasitoids were given a sugar solution. In environmental chambers with a 44-87% RH gradient, both sexes of E. appendigaster resided significantly more often in the 87% RH chamber than in the 44% RH chamber. For A. hagenowii, females preferred both the driest and the wettest chambers and males preferred the driest ones. These results demonstrate the water balance profile and its relationship to life history traits and differential responses to RH in these competing parasitoid wasps, suggesting the role of physiological and behavioral adaptations in shaping their ecological niche.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Knowledge and attitude about child abuse and its reporting among childcare providers in Kemas preschools in Kota Bharu and Tumpat

Siti Mariam Ja’afa, Azriani Ab Rahman, Wan Nor Ariffin Wan Mansor

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):108-108.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Child abuse is an epidemic and in Malaysia, the numbers are rising. Statistic showed that 60% of the victims were below seven years old. Since most of them goes to preschool at this age, the role of childcare providers (CPs) in addressing this issue is crucial. However, previous data showed that referrals made by them to the author-ities was less than 1%. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of CPs in KEMAS preschools towards child abuse. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving CPs working in the KEMAS pre-schools in Kota Bharu and Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia, from April to June 2019. Results: From 218 respondents, 78% and 83% of them had good awareness on signs of neglect and physical abuse respectively compared to sexual abuse (64.6%). In terms of knowledge, 80% answered correctly about signs of abuse. However, only 18.8% an-swered correctly about sexual abuse. Moreover, 86.7% of CPs believed that they should be responsible to lodge a report, while only 6% of them objected. Although 76.1% were correct about the information to be prepared for reporting, only 4.6% of them realised that suspicions about a case would suffice to lodge a report. There were 94.5%, and 65.1% of CPs who correctly answered about the protection of the reporter under the law and its penalty respectively. But, only 26.6% of the CPs were correct about the category of mandated reporters according to the law. Conclusion: Although majority of CPs had good knowledge and awareness, there was still 26.6% who did not realise that they were mandated to report suspected cases. Therefore, educational programs need to be planned to increase awareness and knowledge on abuse and its legal aspects among CPs.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Offenses
The prevalence of depression among elderly patients attending a rural primary health care clinic

Mohd Noor N, Mohd Sidik S

Family Physician, 2003;12:30-35.

Introduction: Depression is an important problem in primary care practice and is the commonest psychiatric disorder among the elderly.
Aim: To assess the prevalence of depression among the elderly patients attending a rural primary health care clinic in Malaysia and to identify its associated factors.
Method: The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) questionnaire was used as a screening instrument. Patients with positive GDS scores for depression were further assessed for Major Depression.
Results: 14% of the patients were found to have depression. The associated factors identified were gender, marital status, educational level, total family monthly income, living arrangement and if they had someone to confide in. Further clinical evaluation using the DSM IV Criteria for major depression revealed that two-thirds of the patients with depression were suffering from major depression.
Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among the elderly patients at a rural primary health care clinic was high. Primary health care doctors and staff should take extra care to detect depression when managing elderly patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Our venereal disease problem. Its origin and its cause. Part I. A retrospect.

Galloway D

Malayan Medical Journal, 1932;7:68-72.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Workers
Fulltext High-Density Genetic Linkage Maps Provide Novel Insights Into ZW/ZZ Sex Determination System and Growth Performance in Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain)

Waiho K, Shi X, Fazhan H, Li S, Zhang Y, Zheng H, et al.

Front Genet, 2019;10:298.
PMID: 31024620 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00298

Mud crab, Scylla paramamosain is one of the most important crustacean species in global aquaculture. To determine the genetic basis of sex and growth-related traits in S. paramamosain, a high-density genetic linkage map with 16,701 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was constructed using SLAF-seq and a full-sib family. The consensus map has 49 linkage groups, spanning 5,996.66 cM with an average marker-interval of 0.81 cM. A total of 516 SNP markers, including 8 female-specific SNPs segregated in two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for phenotypic sex were located on LG32. The presence of female-specific SNP markers only on female linkage map, their segregation patterns and lower female: male recombination rate strongly suggest the conformation of a ZW/ZZ sex determination system in S. paramamosain. The QTLs of most (90%) growth-related traits were found within a small interval (25.18-33.74 cM) on LG46, highlighting the potential involvement of LG46 in growth. Four markers on LG46 were significantly associated with 10-16 growth-related traits. BW was only associated with marker 3846. Based on the annotation of transcriptome data, 11 and 2 candidate genes were identified within the QTL regions of sex and growth-related traits, respectively. The newly constructed high-density genetic linkage map with sex-specific SNPs, and the identified QTLs of sex- and growth-related traits serve as a valuable genetic resource and solid foundation for marker-assisted selection and genetic improvement of crustaceans.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex
Fulltext Effects of domestic violence on academic achievement among university students in Selangor, Malaysia

Sohayla M Attalla, Abby Amira Bt Rome

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(101):8-13.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Domestic violence is a serious issue that has often been overlooked by the society. It includes any physical, emotional or sexual violence that occurs between family members. Year after year, many cases of domestic violence have been reported in news and the numbers keep increasing from time to time. Experiencing this violence may give negative impacts on the victim. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of domestic violence among university students in Selangor, Malaysia and to discover its effects on their academic achievement. Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented in a form of questionnaire that was distributed to 368 university students at Selangor, Malaysia in the period from June 2018 to December 2018. Results: Results showed that 69 respondents (18.7%) had experienced DV throughout their life; all of them suffered physical violence, 95.7% had suffered emo- tional violence while 14.5% had suffered sexual violence. Age, gender, residence, family income, institution’s type and speciality of study has no significant association with DV while, race, religion and parents’ status were signifi- cantly associated with DV. Also it was noticed that out of these 69 respondents that had experience of domestic violence, 36 of them were studying in private universities and 33 of them were studying in public universities. Most of those experienced domestic violence showed low CGPA. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is low prevalence of DV among university students in Selangor. Experiencing DV during childhood has an impact on the academic achievement of the victim in the future university life.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Offenses
Fulltext Sexual dimorphism in mud crabs: a tale of three sympatric Scylla species

Fazhan H, Waiho K, Fujaya Y, Rukminasari N, Ma H, Ikhwanuddin M

PeerJ, 2021;9:e10936.
PMID: 33954025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10936

Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. To test the consistency of sexual dimorphism patterns among sympatric species of the same genus, ten morphometric characteristics of mud crabs Scylla olivacea, S. tranquebarica and S. paramamosain were measured and compared using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The descriptive analysis revealed that in all three species, body size dimensions and cheliped dimensions were significantly larger in males whereas the abdomen width was female-biased. Also, we described a morphological variation (carapace width, CW ≤ CW at spine 8, 8CW) that is unique to S. olivacea. Discriminant function analysis revealed that all nine morphometric characteristics were sexually dimorphic in S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica (except right cheliped's merus length, ML) and S. paramamosain (except 8CW). The obtained discriminant functions based on the morphometric ratios (with CW as divisor) correctly classified 100% of adults of known sex of all three species. Further, based on the selected body traits, DFA was able to almost completely distinguish males (94%), but not females (74%), among the three Scylla species. This study highlights that congeneric species of portunids (e.g., Scylla spp.) show similar sexually dimorphic characteristics (body size and secondary sexual characteristics).

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics

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