The utilization of parallelogram structure in a small-sized humanoid robot consists of two parallel platforms that are linked serially in each leg. The thigh and shank of each leg consists of two servomotors as actuator and linked in parallel platform. By using parallel mechanism in leg structure, foot sole surface is always parallel to the walking surface at any point. Even it looks unnatural to human-like walking motion, the expected result is the robot can maintain it posture while walking and at the point foot sole touch the walking surface, unnecessary vibrates can be modulated at the certain level to remain its balance. The effectiveness and the performance of the proposed parallel platforms are experimented by using zero moment point (ZMP) method by taking various scenario data from pressure sensors attached at the footsole. Planned walking gait is introduced to be identical in terms of foot steps length and width of each leg swing. As the results, in terms of load in each actuator, required torque at servomotors can be reduced because two servomotors are used simultaneously in one parallel system. Stable walking gait can be predicted as the quantity of error falls within the error ranges from the published walking gait patterns.
Phishing detection is a momentous problem which can be deliberated by many
researchers with numerous advanced approaches. Current anti-phishing mechanisms
such as blacklist-base anti-phishing, Heuristic-based anti-phishing does suffer low
detection accuracy and high false alarm. There is need for efficient mechanism to
protect users from phishing websites. The purpose of this study is to investigate the
capability of 6 machine learning algorithms i.e. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support
Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression
(LR) and Naïve Bayes (NB) to classify phishing and non-phishing websites. These
algorithms were trained with two different groups of training in WEKA environment
and then were tested in terms of accuracy, precision, TP rate, and FP rate on a 3
different sets of dataset which contains dissimilar portion of phishing and non-phishing
instances. Results presented that Naïve Bayes classifier has better detection accuracy
between other classifiers for predicting phishing websites while Multi-Layer
Perceptron gave worst result in terms of detection accuracy. The result also showed
that Support Vector machine has better FP rate between other classifier. In addition,
Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Naïve Bayes can classify all phishing websites as
phishing correctly. It means that TP rate is 100% for these classifiers. In conclusion this
paper suggests using NB as the best classifier for predicting phishing and non-phishing
websites.
Plywood is a wood product frequently utilized in building as part of concrete formwork systems. In the concreting process, plywood formwork needs to be strongly made to withstand the pressure subjected by the wet concrete as well as the impact. To reduce the dependency on solid timber as plywood, oil palm stem offers alternative materials. There are four main weaknesses of oil palm stem (OPS) as a material for plywood manufacturing; high variations in density and moisture content (MC), high water absorption and high surface roughness. Therefore, this study modified the drying and treatment process of OPS veneer. The veneer was predried by using roller presser for removing a large amount of water and later treated with medium molecular weight phenolformaldehyde (MMwPF) to bond together parenchyma tissue, cell wall, and a lumen for much uniform density and better surface bonding. The Charpy impact of OPS plywood developed in this study denoted as PTA was investigated. These properties were compared with the properties of another two types of commercial OPS plywood denoted as PTB and PTC which were manufactured using OPS veneer with tropical hardwood veneer for face and back veneer and control plywood denoted as PTD which was manufactured using 100% tropical hardwood veneer. The results showed that PTA has the highest mean value of energy and strength for both notched and unnotched Charpy impact.
An investigation of bending loss characteristics of a Polymer Optical Fiber is presented experimentally. Loss of optical power in an optical fiber due to bending has been investigated for a wavelength of 650 nm. Variations of bending loss with different lengths have been measured, with a number of radii of curvature. Bending Loss equations for short length POF is proposed, which shows the dependence of bending loss on the curvature radii. The equations can be an initial reference or aid in predicting the loss contributes by the polymer optical fiber.
This paper aim is to design an education kit for wastewater system that can maintain
the standard parameters of neutralized wastewater by maintaining the suitable pH
(Potential Hydronium) level and temperature of the wastewater from industry by using
fuzzy controller. This study is capable to control the unwanted bacteria by automatic
regulatory and monitoring the temperature, pH and water level. Fuzzy logic method is
use to control and monitor pH level as well as the temperature during clarifying process
because pH control process is a complex physical-chemistry process of strong
individuality of time-varying and non-linearity properties. Pumps used in the prototype
need to be controlled precisely to enable either acid or base to be pumped into mix
tank of the wastewater treatment. The control and monitoring system, which has been
designed through LabVIEW front panel will ease end user in inspection of the
parameters involve in wastewater treatment. The entire system output could be
observed remotely in Data Dashboard application in smartphone or tablet. The GUI
was designed and interfaced with the prototype constructed to carry out the process
of controlling and monitoring the required parameters. Few tests were conducted
repetitively to analyse the performance of the system parameters. It was found that
the controlled set point fixed within the range of pH 7.6-8.4, temperature 25-29.44
Celsius and water level of 20cm in this research that was effectively achieved in the
entire test conducted. In addition, the wastewater system accuracy and performance
is 96.72% and 90.22% respectively.
In this paper, an extensive work on the natural frequency of perforated plate has
been made by introducing micro-holes on the plate. The micro-holes, which is known
to have a remarkable performance in several applications, were arranged diagonally
among the perforated holes in order to make a new combination of micro-macro
perforated plate. A 3D geometrical model of the plate was made in the Autodesk
Inventor and the Finite Element (FE) simulation was employed to calculate the
natural frequency and visualize the mode shape. Four models were made with
various micro-holes diameter starting from 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 0,9 mm, respectively.
The macro holes diameter, however, was kept constant to be 1,5 mm purposely to
know the effect of micro holes in particular. The results from the models were then
compared to a single perforated plate (PP) for clarification. It is found that the micro
holes gives considerable effect to the perforated plate natural frequency. Similar to
the author previous findings, the diameter of the micro holes is proportional to the
natural frequency reduction.
Purpose of this study to be conducted is to identify the risk factor of low back pain amongst port crane operator and to improve the health management program in the company. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the major group of port crane operator that having low back pain problem, to analyse the risk factors that associated to low back pain problem (WBV, Awkward prolonged sitting and shift work-psychological) , individual characteristics (sport activity or hobby), to analyse the associated rate operator’s absence from work (medical leave) and low back pain problem and to propose the basic ergonomic assessment checklist for management to investigate health incident cases and fit-to-work (ergonomics) screening checklist for new recruitment. A survey research design through the distribution of the questionnaire and interview & field observation will
be used for research methodology. The population of this study consists of port crane operatorsRubber Tyred Gantry Operator (RTG). Questionnaire method used to collect all relevant information from correspondence. Interview also will be conducted to gain further details information. Data were analyzed with the usage of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to make the process of analysis easier. As result, firstly, the study shown that there are association of risk factor for working posture and years of exposure with Low back Pain. The null hypothesis was rejected and there is probability that these risk factors have influence the low back pain. It was also concluded that the null hypothesis was accepted which means there are no correlation of risk factors for heavy physical works, previous job experience, previous accident with low back pain problem. Thirdly, the study
shown there are no correlation of rate operator’s absence from work (medical leave) with low back pain problem as the null hypothesis was accepted with p value <0.05
Keywords: Port, Low Back Pain, Ergonomics, Occupational Safety & Health, Rubber tyre gantry, Back Pain
Nowadays, intelligent vehicles have received a considerable attention among the
researchers to reduce the number of collisions and road accidents. One of the
challenging tasks for these vehicles is road lane detection or road boundaries
detection. In this research, a lane detection algorithm was developed to detect the
right and left lane markers on the road by using two cameras which act as a stereo
vision for the system. It is based on edge detection by using Canny Edge Detection to
reduce unnecessary data on the images and to perform features recognition for the
lane. After the features has been extracted, the algorithm is followed by Hough
Transform method to generate the detected lines on the image obtained from the
stereo vision camera. The algorithm has to work in different environment to be used
in real world applications. The stereo vision algorithm is implemented to generate
disparity map of area. This helps to gain more information on environment, such as the
estimated distance of the lines, the distance of the vehicle to the turns. The experiment
result shows the detection of right and left lane on the road with disparity map to
determine an estimate of the distance of detected lanes from the stereo vision camera.
Scholars have opined that the courtyard is a passive architectural design element and
that it can act as a microclimate modifier provided that its design requirements are not
ignored. But despite the assertions, empirical studies on the microclimatic
performance of a fully enclosed courtyard house and the non-courtyard house seems
to be deficient, and the assumption that the Courtyard is a passive architectural design
element needs to be substantiated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
investigate the microclimatic performance of a fully enclosed courtyard and noncourtyard
residential buildings. The main objective is to compare their microclimatic
performances in other to draw a conclusion on the best option. Three Hobo Weather
Data Loggers were used to collect climatic data in the buildings, and the third one was
situated in the outdoor area as a benchmark. The climatic variables investigated are;
air temperature and relative humidity. The fully enclosed courtyard residential building
is seen to have a better air temperature difference of 2 oC to 4 oC and the relative
humidity of 2 % to 6 %. In conclusion, the fully enclosed courtyard residential building
has confirmed a more favorable microclimatic performance, and future studies
towards its optimization are recommended.
Nowadays, the applications of tracking moving object are commonly used in various
areas especially in computer vision applications. There are many tracking algorithms
have been introduced and they are divided into three groups which are generative
trackers, discriminative trackers and hybrid trackers. One of the methods is TrackingLearning-Detection
(TLD) framework which is an example of the hybrid trackers where
combination between the generative trackers and the discriminative trackers occur. In
TLD, the detector consists of three stages which are patch variance, ensemble classifier
and KNearest Neighbor classifier. In the second stage, the ensemble classifier depends
on simple pixel comparison hence, it is likely fail to offer a better generalization of the
appearances of the target object in the detection process. In this paper, OnlineSequential
Extreme Learning Machine (OS-ELM) was used to replace the ensemble
classifier in the TLD framework. Besides that, different types of Haar-like features were
used for the feature extraction process instead of using raw pixel value as the features.
The objectives of this study are to improve the classifier in the second stage of detector
in TLD framework by using Haar-like features as an input to the classifier and to get a
more generalized detector in TLD framework by using OS-ELM based detector. The
results showed that the proposed method performs better in Pedestrian 1 in terms of
F-measure and also offers good performance in terms of Precision in four out of six
videos.
Yeast growth and biomass production are greatly influenced by the length of the
incubation period during cultivation. Therefore, this study was conducted to
investigate the growth kinetics of five Lipomyces starkeyi strains as determined by
biomass production. The five L. starkeyi strains, namely L. starkeyi ATCC 12659, L.
starkeyi MV-1, L. starkeyi MV-4, L. starkeyi MV-5 and L. starkeyi MV-8, were inoculated
in sterilized Yeast Malt broth, and, incubated for 192 hr at ambient temperature.
Biomass yields were assessed and calculated gravimetrically every 24 hr. Results
indicated that the optimal biomass production of L. starkeyi ATCC 12659, L. starkeyi
MV-1, L. starkeyi MV-4, L. starkeyi MV-5 and L. starkeyi MV-8 were at 120, 168, 144,
168 and 120 hr, with the concentrations of 6.64, 6.43, 9.78, 11.23 and 8.56 g/L,
respectively. These results indicate that each L. starkeyi strain requires specific
incubation period for the optimum production of fungal biomass. Therefore, by
cultivating each L. starkeyi strain at the predetermined incubation period, biomass
yields could significantly be improved for further downstream applications such as
single cell protein and lipid production.
This study presents an investigation about the effect of size variation on mechanical
performance of square core interlocking structures, by using finite element analysis
(FEA). The material used in this study is flax fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP)
composite. Abaqus software was used for modelling and visualizing number of six
interlocking honeycomb structures with different cell sizes and heights. In the first
analysis, Abaqus/standard was performed on the perfect models by applying quasistatic
loading to identify the imperfection shape and obtaining the buckling Eigenmodes
for the models, then the Eigen-modes from abaqus/standard were imported
to abaqus/explicit to run post-buckling analysis and simulate the overall imperfection
behaviour of models. The numerical results from the finite element analysis
simulation were used to plot load-displacement curve to each model. The area under
the load-displacement curve represents the total absorbed energy, energy absorption
per unit mass indicates the specific energy absorption, and the highest value of
specific energy absorption represents the optimum size. The findings demonstrated
that the square interlocking structure exhibits good energy absorption performance
in some geometrical cases, and also revealed that the natural fibre composites have
unique energy absorption capability under quasi-static loads.
Rock with moderate strengths (20 to 70 MPa) effectively excavated by ripping
method which is considered as shallow excavation or surface striping method.
Disputed between client and contractor often occur due to the lack of proper
assessment to determine the rippabality of hard material. Practically, rippability of in
situ rock is assessed based on field ripping test that being conducted using actual
ripper dozer which is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore the assessment of
rippability of rock based on specific laboratory tests able to resolve the conflict that
occurs on ripping method. The correlation between specific energy with surface
hardness and tensile strength is chose as the material properties to assess in order to
determine the rippability of rock in this study. Few samples of Sandstone undergone
several laboratory tests such as laboratory ripping test, Brazilian's test and Schmitt
hammer test in order to obtain the required parameters in this study. The average
tensile strength (σT) obtained was 4.62MPa with a range of value from 3.19 to 7.50
MPa whilst the average rebound number (R) obtained for Sandstone was 26.6 with a
range between 19.0 and 34.0. The specific energy (SE) obtained indicates an average
value of 3.95 MJ/m3
with a range value between 1.73MJ/m3
and 6.45 MJ/m3
. The
correlation of R and σT with SE shows a relatively good relationship. Parameters of R
and σT are acceptable and reliable for assessing rippability of Sandstone based on the
value of regression coefficient (R2) which is consistence above 0.8 for both
correlation between SE, R and σT.
Recently natural polyphenol compounds (PCs) of plants, gained wide consideration of
scientists, companies and public people because of its unique pharmaceutical and
preservative benefits in the physiological system. They can prevent mortal and serious
diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer. However, defining a suitable
source of PCs and their proper, economic and efficient extraction method are still a
challenge. The aim of this study was to review PCs as an important antioxidant, the
significance of pomegranate as a source of natural PCs and its application in meat and
meat product. This study also covers different types of PCs extraction methods such as
solid-liquid extraction (SLE) method as a conventional extraction which using Soxhlet
apparatus and several solvents and advanced methods such as microwave-assisted
extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), accelerated solvent extraction
(ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and high hydrostatic pressure extraction
(HHPE). Simple and developed analytical method of PCs is also reviewed in the study.
SLE method is an easy and simple method but, it uses lots of chemicals and is not
suitable for all kinds of PCs extraction. UAE is using for quick extraction PCs, SFE is green
extraction method uses less solvent and have a good result but it needs high
technology. ASE method is a proper alternative for Soxhlet extraction method for its
quick result. MAE method has high extraction result but is not suitable for some
thermolabile PCs. Several parts of pomegranate showed antioxidant and antimicrobial
traits for shelf life extension of meat and meat product. Pomegranate peel is the
strongest antioxidant followed by pomegranate juice and seed. Pomegranate peel
prolonged chilled chicken meat shelf live up to three weeks.