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Fulltext Comparative profile of circulating antigenic peptides in CSF, serum & urine from patients with neurocysticercosis diagnosed by immunoblotting

Sahu PS, Parija S, Kumar D, Jayachandran S, Narayan S

Parasite Immunol., 2014 Oct;36(10):509-21.
PMID: 24965663 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12124

Traditionally serum and/or CSF specimens have been used for detection of either specific antibodies or antigens as a supportive diagnosis of NCC. However, in recent days, much interest has been shown employing noninvasive specimens such as urine. In our study, we identified and compared a profile of circulating antigenic peptides of parasite origin in three different body fluids (CSF, serum and urine) obtained from confirmed NCC cases and control subjects. The circulating antigenic peptides were resolved by SDS-PAGE and subjected to immunoblotting. For confirmation of their origin as parasite somatic or excretory secretory (ES) material, immunoreactivity was tested employing affinity purified polyclonal Taenia solium metacestode anti-somatic or ES antibodies, respectively. Only lower molecular weight antigenic peptides were found circulating in urine in contrast to serum and CSF specimens. Few somatic peptides were identified to be 100% specific for NCC (19·5 kDa in all three specimens; 131, 70 kDa in CSF and serum only; 128 kDa in CSF only). Similarly, the specific ES peptides detected were 32 kDa (in all three specimens), 16·5 kDa (in serum and CSF only), and 15 kDa (urine only). A test format detecting either one or more of these specific peptides would enhance the sensitivity in diagnosis of NCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood
Fulltext Laboratory Evaluation of a Rapid IgG4 Antibody Test (BLF Rapid™) for Bancroftian Filariasis

Noordin R, Yunus MH, Robinson K, Won KY, Babu S, Fischer PU, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 12;99(6):1587-1590.
PMID: 30350768 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0566

At the end phase of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, antibody testing may have a role in decision-making for bancroftian filariasis-endemic areas. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BLF Rapid™, a prototype immunochromatographic IgG4-based test using BmSXP recombinant protein, for detection of bancroftian filariasis. The test was evaluated using 258 serum samples, comprising 96 samples tested at Universiti Sains Malaysia (in-house) and 162 samples tested independently at three international laboratories in the USA and India, and two laboratories in Malaysia. The independent testing involved 99 samples from Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria or antigen positive individuals and 63 samples from people who were healthy or had other infections. The in-house evaluation showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The independent evaluations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 84-100% and 100% specificity (excluding non-lymphatic filarial infections). BLF Rapid has potential as a surveillance diagnostic tool to make "Transmission Assessment Survey"-stopping decisions and conduct post-elimination surveillance.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Recombinant expression of the larval excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 of Toxocara canis in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Fong MY, Lau YL

Parasitol Res, 2004 Jan;92(2):173-6.
PMID: 14655048

A gene encoding the larval excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 of the dog ascarid worm Toxocara canis was cloned into the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Specificity of the recombinant TES-120 antigen produced by the yeast was investigated. Forty-five human serum samples from patients infected with different()parasitic organisms, including 8 cases of toxocariasis, were tested against the recombinant antigen in immunoblot assays. Results from the assays showed that the recombinant TES-120 antigen reacted with sera from toxocariasis patients only. This highly specific recombinant TES-120 antigen can potentially be used for the development of an inexpensive serodiagnostic assay for human toxocariasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Fulltext Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012

Nguyen T, Cheong FW, Liew JW, Lau YL

Parasit Vectors, 2016 09 05;9(1):486.
PMID: 27595647 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1780-2

BACKGROUND: Despite the global effort against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), developing countries with middle to low income are still burdened by them. Vietnam has been undergoing substantial economic growth and urbanization, but underprivileged people living in rural and suburban areas are still having little access to public health infrastructure and proper sanitation. Hitherto, limited information is available for seroprevalence and risk factors of several parasitic diseases in Vietnam.
METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on diagnostic results of Fasciola spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia solium IgG ELISA tests from Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City in 2012. The data were first stratified before statistical analyses were performed. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was determined and the age and gender risk factors were evaluated.
RESULTS: Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was 5.9 % (590/10,084; 95 % CI: 5.44-6.36), 45.2 % (34,995/77,356; 95 % CI: 44.85-45.55), 7.4 % (3,174/42,920; 95 % CI: 7.15-7.65) and 4.9 % (713/14,601; 95 % CI: 4.55-5.25), respectively. Co-exposure to multiple parasites was detected in 890 males (45.7 %; 95 % CI: 43.49-47.91) and 1,059 females (54.3 %; 95 % CI: 52.09-56.51). Social structure and differences in behavioural factors caused the gender factor to have a significant effect on the prevalence of all the diseases, while the seropositivity for fascioliasis and strongyloidiasis were age group-related.
CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in the blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, in year 2012 were comparatively high. The Vietnamese customs and cultures, dietary habits and agricultural practices exposed them to high risk of contracting NTDs. Despite the possibility of false positive results due to antigenic cross-reactions, detection of IgG antibodies remains as a reliable method in sero-epidemiological study as it is non-invasive and demonstrates previous exposure of individuals to the parasites. Besides the implementation of strategies to control these diseases, epidemiological analysis and surveillance of diseases should also be continually strengthened to monitor the effectiveness of regimens and interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood
Fulltext ELISA seropositivity for Toxocara canis antibodies in Malaysia, 1989-1991

Hakim SL, Mak JW, Lam PL

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Sep;48(3):303-7.
PMID: 8183143

The laboratory test results for visceral larva migrans (VLM) using ELISA for Toxocara canis antibodies employed by the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, is described. A total of 331 serum samples received from hospitals and general practitioners all over Malaysia were tested. The test utilises excretory-secretory antigens obtained from in vitro culture of second stage T. canis larvae. The overall seropositivity rate was 19.6%, the highest positive rate being in Indians (35.5%), followed by the Malays (14.8%), Chinese (10.9%) and others (29.4%). Seropositivity rate was highest in children below the age of 10; 89% of patients presented with eosinophilia and 93% with VLM syndrome were children.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Fulltext Field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis

Lim PK, Yamasaki H, Mak JW, Wong SF, Chong CW, Yap IK, et al.

Acta Trop, 2015 Aug;148:32-7.
PMID: 25910623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.011

Human toxocariasis which is caused mainly by the larvae of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, is a worldwide zoonotic disease that can be a potentially serious human infection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using T. canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigens harvested from T. canis larvae is currently the serological test for confirming toxocariasis. An alternative to producing large amounts of Toxocara TES and improved diagnosis for toxocariasis is through the development of highly specific recombinant antigens such as the T. canis second stage larva excretory-secretory 30 kDa protein (recTES-30). The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid diagnostic kit (RDT, named as iToxocara kit) in comparison to recTES-30 ELISA in Serendah Orang Asli village in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 133 subjects were included in the study. The overall prevalence rates by ELISA and RDT were 29.3% and 33.1%, respectively, with more positive cases detected in males than females. However, no association was found between toxocariasis and gender or age. The percentage sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RDT were 85.7%, 90.1%, 80% and 93.2%, respectively. The prevalence for toxocariasis in this population using both ELISA and RDT was 27.1% (36/133) and the K-concordance test suggested good agreement of the two tests with a Cohen's kappa of 0.722, P<0.01. In addition, the followed-up Spearman rank correlation showed a moderately high correlation at R=0.704 and P<0.01. In conclusion, the RDT kit was faster and easier to use than an ELISA and is useful for the laboratory diagnosis of hospitalized cases of toxocariasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood
Fulltext Duration of detection of anti-BmR1 IgG4 antibodies after mass-drug administration (MDA) in Sarawak, Malaysia

Noordin R, Muhi J, Md Idris Z, Arifin N, Kiyu A

Trop Biomed, 2012 Mar;29(1):191-6.
PMID: 22543621 MyJurnal

The detection rates of brugian filariasis in three regions of Sarawak namely Central, North and South after three courses of mass drug administration (MDA) from year 2004 to 2006 was investigated. A recombinant BmR1 antigen-based IgG4 detection test, named Brugia Rapid and night blood smear for microfilaria (mf) detection were used. All three regions recorded a sharp fall in mf positive rates after a year post-MDA. Meanwhile Brugia Rapid positive rates declined more gradually to 3.8% and 5.6% of the pre-MDA levels in the Central and North regions, respectively. This study showed that in filariasis endemic areas in Sarawak, anti-filarial IgG4 antibodies to BmR1, as detected by the Brugia Rapid test, were positive for one to two years after mf disappearance.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Fulltext High seroprevalence of echinococossis, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis among the populations in Babati and Monduli districts, Tanzania

Khan MB, Sonaimuthu P, Lau YL, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahmud R, Kavana N, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:505.
PMID: 25388913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0505-7

The neglected tropical diseases, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis are all globally widespread zoonotic diseases with potentially harmful consequences. There is very limited data available on the prevalence of these infections, except for schistosmiasis, in underdeveloped countries. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis, Schistosoma mansoni, and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in populations from the Monduli and Babati districts in Tanzania.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
A filtration-based rapid test using a partially purified third-stage larval antigen to detect specific antibodies for the diagnosis of gnathostomiasis

Ma A, Wang Y, Liu XL, Zhang HM, Eamsobhana P, Yong HS, et al.

J Helminthol, 2019 Jan;93(1):26-32.
PMID: 29144215 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X17001080

Human gnathostomiasis is an emerging food-borne parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma. Currently, serological tests are commonly applied to support clinical diagnosis. In the present study, a simple and rapid filtration-based test, dot immune-gold filtration assay (DIGFA) was developed using a partially purified antigen of Gnathostoma third-stage larvae (L3). A total of 180 serum samples were tested to evaluate the diagnostic potential of DIGFA for gnathostomiasis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 96.7% (29/30) and 100% (25/25), respectively. The cross-reactivity with sera from other helminthiasis patients ranged from 0 to 4%, with an average of 1.6% (2/125). DIGFA using a partially purified L3 antigen was not only simple and rapid, but also more accurate than standard assays for the diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. DIGFA may represent a promising tool for application in laboratories or in the field, without requiring any instrumentation.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Fulltext Impact of six rounds of mass drug administration on Brugian filariasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections in eastern Indonesia

Supali T, Djuardi Y, Bradley M, Noordin R, Rückert P, Fischer PU

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013;7(12):e2586.
PMID: 24349595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002586

The lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia timori occurs only in eastern Indonesia where it causes high morbidity. The absence of an animal reservoir, the inefficient transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes and the high sensitivity to DEC/albendazole treatment make this species a prime candidate for elimination by mass drug administration (MDA).

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood
High seroprevalence of anti-Fasciola antibody among cattle farm workers and dwellers in Kelantan

Najib MA, Noor-Izani NJ, Wan-Nor-Amilah WAW, Wong WK, Faez AM

Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):389-396.
PMID: 33612808

Human fascioliasis is a public health problem particularly in areas where ruminants are raised. The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Fasciola antibody and the associated risk factors among cattle farm workers and dwellers in Kelantan. A total of 90 blood samples were collected in this cross-sectional study. A set of validated questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic profiles and dietary habits of participants. The sera were subjected to enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-Fasciola IgG antibody. The association between seropositivity and the significant risk factors were determined via logistic regression. From the result, serological screening revealed 60 (67%) participants positive for anti-Fasciola IgG antibody. The factors found to be significantly associated with seropositivity against anti-Fasciola IgG antibody were the age group of 18 years old and above with calculated odds ratio of 3.2 times (p=0.032) and the duration of farming activities of more than 5 years with calculated odds ratio of 2.6 times (p=0.036). In conclusion, Fasciola infection is prevalent among cattle farm workers and dwellers in Kelantan.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood
Neurocysticercosis in children presenting with afebrile seizure: clinical profile, imaging and serodiagnosis

Sahu PS, Seepana J, Padela S, Sahu AK, Subbarayudu S, Barua A

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2014 6 1;56(3):253-8.
PMID: 24879004

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the major causes of childhood seizures in developing countries including India and Latin America. In this study neurological pediatric cases presenting with afebrile seizures were screened for anti-Cysticercus antibodies (IgG) in their sera in order to estimate the possible burden of cysticercal etiology. The study included a total of 61 pediatric afebrile seizure subjects (aged one to 15 years old); there was a male predominance. All the sera were tested using a pre-evaluated commercially procured IgG-ELISA kit (UB-Magiwell Cysticercosis Kit ™). Anti-Cysticercus antibody in serum was positive in 23 of 61 (37.7%) cases. The majority of cases with a positive ELISA test presented with generalized seizure (52.17%), followed by complex partial seizure (26.08%), and simple partial seizure (21.73%). Headaches were the major complaint (73.91%). Other presentations were vomiting (47.82%), pallor (34.78%), altered sensorium (26.08%), and muscle weakness (13.04%). There was one hemiparesis case diagnosed to be NCC. In this study one child without any significant findings on imaging was also found to be positive by serology. There was a statistically significant association found between the cases with multiple lesions on the brain and the ELISA-positivity (p = 0.017). Overall positivity of the ELISA showed a potential cysticercal etiology. Hence, neurocysticercosis should be suspected in every child presenting with afebrile seizure especially with a radio-imaging supportive diagnosis in tropical developing countries or areas endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood*
Transvitreal migration of a Toxocara larva resulting in a second chorioretinal granuloma

Sivaratnam D, Subrayan V, Ali NA

Jpn. J. Ophthalmol., 2008 Sep-Oct;52(5):416-417.
PMID: 18991049 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-008-0569-z
Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Helminth/blood

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