MyMedR

Fulltext Habitat degradation and indiscriminate hunting differentially impact faunal communities in the Southeast Asian tropical biodiversity hotspot

Tilker A, Abrams JF, Mohamed A, Nguyen A, Wong ST, Sollmann R, et al.

Commun Biol, 2019;2:396.

PMID: 31701025 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0640-y

Habitat degradation and hunting have caused the widespread loss of larger vertebrate species (defaunation) from tropical biodiversity hotspots. However, these defaunation drivers impact vertebrate biodiversity in different ways and, therefore, require different conservation interventions. We conducted landscape-scale camera-trap surveys across six study sites in Southeast Asia to assess how moderate degradation and intensive, indiscriminate hunting differentially impact tropical terrestrial mammals and birds. We found that functional extinction rates were higher in hunted compared to degraded sites. Species found in both sites had lower occupancies in the hunted sites. Canopy closure was the main predictor of occurrence in the degraded sites, while village density primarily influenced occurrence in the hunted sites. Our findings suggest that intensive, indiscriminate hunting may be a more immediate threat than moderate habitat degradation for tropical faunal communities, and that conservation stakeholders should focus as much on overhunting as on habitat conservation to address the defaunation crisis.

Matched MeSH terms: Population Dynamics/trends; Population Dynamics/statistics & numerical data

Relationship between rainfall and Aedes larval population at two insular sites in Pulau Ketam, Selangor, Malaysia

Wee LK, Weng SN, Raduan N, Wah SK, Ming WH, Shi CH, et al.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 Mar;44(2):157-66.

PMID: 23691624

Two insular settlements (Kampung Pulau Ketam and Kampung Sungai Lima) were selected to study the population dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, vectors of dengue and chikungunya infections. Ovitrap surveillance was conducted between October 2007 and October 2008. There was an inverse negative association between ovitrap index and rainfall at the time of collection, probably because rainfall increased the number of available oviposition sites. Rainfall and ovitrap index were positively associates the 25th day after rainfall occurred. A minor, second peak was observed from the 38th to the 42nd day. The first peak was consistent with the minimum 18-day period between the hatching of eggs to the first oviposition. The second minor peak could be due to the second gonotrophic cycle of the female mosquitoes. Rainfall is an important environmental factor associated with Aedes breeding at the study sites.

Matched MeSH terms: Population Growth; Rural Population*

The impact of poverty on fertility in Peninsular Malaysia: a cohort analysis

Teo P

GeoJournal, 1991 Feb;23(2):125-33.

PMID: 12317879

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics

Electrophoretic variants of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) in different racial groups in Malaysia

Eng LI, Welch QB

Hum Hered, 1972;22(4):338-43.

PMID: 4647199

Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population*; Continental Population Groups

Lee LK, Chen PC, Lee KK, Kaur J

Ann Acad Med Singap, 2007 Mar;36(3):169-74.

PMID: 17450261

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of violence-related behaviours among adolescents and the factors associated with it.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional school survey conducted on 4500 adolescent students, using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using the supervised self-administered questionnaire [a modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance in the Malaysian National Language (Bahasa Malaysia)].

RESULTS: Our study showed that 27.9% of students had been involved in a physical fight, 6.6% had been injured in a fight, 5.9% had carried a weapon, 7.2% had felt unsafe, 18.5% had had their money stolen and 55.0% had had their property stolen. Adolescents who carried weapons to school, smoked, used drugs, felt sad or hopeless and played truant were more likely to be involved in physical fights after adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity.

CONCLUSION: Violence-related behaviours among adolescents, especially involvement in physical fights, are common and are positively associated with certain factors such as smoking, taking drugs, playing truant, feeling sad or hopeless. Interventions designed at targeting adolescent violence should also address these factors and target the high-risk groups. There may be a need to identify and provide services for adolescents who exhibit these factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Rural Population/statistics & numerical data; Urban Population

Why have the peninsular "negritos" remained distinct?

Benjamin G

Hum Biol, 2013 Feb-Jun;85(1-3):445-84.

PMID: 24297237

The primary focus of this article is on the so-called negritos of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand, but attention is also paid to other parts of Southeast Asia. I present a survey of current views on the "negrito" phenotype--is it single or many? If the phenotype is many (as now seems likely), it must have resulted from parallel evolution in the several different regions where it has been claimed to exist. This would suggest (contrary to certain views that have been expressed on the basis of very partial genetic data) that the phenotype originated recently and by biologically well-authenticated processes from within the neighboring populations. Whole-genome and physical-anthropological research currently support this view. Regardless of whether the negrito phenotype is ancient or recent-and to the extent that it retains any valid biological reality (which is worth questioning)-explanations are still needed for its continued distinctiveness. In the Malay Peninsula, a distinctive "Semang" societal pattern followed by most, but not all, so-called negritos may have been responsible for this by shaping familial, breeding, and demographic patterns to suit the two main modes of environmental appropriation that they have followed, probably for some millennia: nomadic foraging in the forest, and facultative dependence on exchange or labor relations with neighboring populations. The known distribution of "negritos" in the Malay Peninsula is limited to areas within relatively easy reach of archaeologically authenticated premodern transpeninsular trading and portage routes, as well as of other non-negrito, Aslian-speaking populations engaged in swidden farming. This suggests that their continued distinctiveness has resulted from a wish to maintain a complementary advantage vis-à-vis other, less specialized populations. Nevertheless, a significant degree of discordance exists between the associated linguistic, societal-tradition, and biological patterns which suggests that other factors have also been at play.

Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population*; Population Dynamics

Hunter-gatherers in southeast Asia: from prehistory to the present

Higham C

Hum Biol, 2013 Feb-Jun;85(1-3):21-43.

PMID: 24297219

Anatomically modern hunter-gatherers expanded from Africa into Southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago, where they probably encountered and interacted with populations of Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis and the recently discovered Denisovans. Simulation studies suggest that these hunter-gatherers may well have followed a coastal route that ultimately led to the settlement of Sahul, while archaeology confirms that they also crossed significant seas and explored well into the interior. They also adapted to marked environmental changes that alternated between relatively cool and dry conditions and warmer, wetter interludes. During the former, the sea fell by up to 120 m below its present level, which opened up a vast low-lying area known as Sundaland. Three principal alignments can be identified: the first involved the occupation of rock shelters in upland regions, the second has identified settlement on broad riverine floodplains, and the last concentrated on the raised beaches formed from about five millennia ago when the sea level was elevated above its present position. This cultural sequence was dislocated about 4 kya when rice and millet farmers infiltrated the lowlands of Southeast Asia ultimately from the Yangtze River valley. It is suggested that this led to two forms of interaction. In the first, the indigenous hunter-gatherers integrated with intrusive Neolithic communities and, while losing their cultural identity, contributed their genes to the present population of Southeast Asia. In the second, hunter-gatherers withdrew to rainforest refugia and, through selective pressures inherent in such an environment, survived as the small-bodied, dark-skinned humans found to this day in the Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, and the Andaman Islands. Beyond the impact of expansive rice farmers in Melanesia and Australia, hunter-gatherers continued to dominate until they encountered European settlement.

Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population*; Population Dynamics

Migration and development: a critical relationship

Appleyard RT

Asian Pac Migr J, 1992;1(1):1-18.

PMID: 12317235

"Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development.... The model presented in this article proposes different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients, illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia."

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Population Growth*

Children as a resource: environmental degradation and fertility

Joekes S

Focus Gend, 1994 Jun;2(2):13-8.

PMID: 12345527

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Dynamics*; Population Growth*

Computers stand out at Tenth Population Census Conference

Hearn RL

Asian Pac Cens Forum, 1985 May;11(4):1-4, 9-14, 16.

PMID: 12267276

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics*; Population Dynamics*

Infant feeding practices in an urban squatter community

Khor Geok Lin

Malays J Reprod Health, 1989 Jun;7(1):41-51.

PMID: 12342397

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Urban Population*

Down syndrome in diverse populations

Kruszka P, Porras AR, Sobering AK, Ikolo FA, La Qua S, Shotelersuk V, et al.

Am J Med Genet A, 2017 Jan;173(1):42-53.

PMID: 27991738 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043

Down syndrome is the most common cause of cognitive impairment and presents clinically with universally recognizable signs and symptoms. In this study, we focus on exam findings and digital facial analysis technology in individuals with Down syndrome in diverse populations. Photos and clinical information were collected on 65 individuals from 13 countries, 56.9% were male and the average age was 6.6 years (range 1 month to 26 years; SD = 6.6 years). Subjective findings showed that clinical features were different across ethnicities (Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans), including brachycephaly, ear anomalies, clinodactyly, sandal gap, and abundant neck skin, which were all significantly less frequent in Africans (P

Matched MeSH terms: Population Surveillance*; Population Groups/genetics; Population Groups/statistics & numerical data*

The relationship between poverty and fertility in Peninsular Malaysia: a district analysis

Teo Cheok Chin P

Tijdschr Econ Soc Geogr, 1989;80(5):284-301.

PMID: 12157771

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Rural Population*; Urban Population*

A hazard rate analysis of fertility using duration data from Malaysia

Chang C

Res Popul Econ, 1988;6:137-59.

PMID: 12280927

Matched MeSH terms: Population*; Population Characteristics*; Population Dynamics*

The influence of infant and child mortality on fertility in selected countries of the Asian and Pacific region

United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCAP. Population Division. Fertility and Family Planning Section

Popul Res Leads, 1985.

PMID: 12314064

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics*; Population Dynamics; Population Growth*

Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes

Macaulay V, Hill C, Achilli A, Rengo C, Clarke D, Meehan W, et al.

Science, 2005 May 13;308(5724):1034-6.

PMID: 15890885

A recent dispersal of modern humans out of Africa is now widely accepted, but the routes taken across Eurasia are still disputed. We show that mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia approximately 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years.

Matched MeSH terms: Genetics, Population; Population Dynamics*

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of epilepsy in Asia: toward a uniform study protocol

Lim SH, Pan A

Epilepsia, 2005;46 Suppl 1:48-9.

PMID: 15816980

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of epilepsy (KAPE) among the public play a major role in determining the extent to which people with epilepsy can be integrated into their society.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups/psychology; Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data

Fulltext Individual aspiration or family survival: rural-urban female migration in Malaysia

Kusago T

Asian Pac Migr J, 1998;7(4):483-523.

PMID: 12295220 DOI: 10.1177/011719689800700404

"This paper analyzes the determinants of female migration to export processing zones (EPZs) in Malaysia. A comparison of the individual and household migration models reveals interesting and important contrasting results. First, the role played by the expected net income gains is opposite in the two models: negative in the individual model, positive in the household model. Second, family migration experience is significant in the individual model but not in the household model. Third, attitudes matter to the household decision on a daughter's migration but not in the individual model. These contrasting results suggest that explaining the daughter's migration decision may require more than separation of the individual motives and familial needs."

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Dynamics*

Gender, population and environment in the context of deforestation: a Malaysian case study

Heyzer N

IDS Bull, 1995 Jan;26(1):40-6.

PMID: 12289812

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics

Fulltext Ethnicity and infant mortality in Malaysia

Dixon G

Asia Pac Popul J, 1993 Jun;8(2):23-54.

PMID: 12287522

PIP: Malaysian infant mortality differentials are a worthwhile subject for study, because socioeconomic development has very clearly had a differential impact by ethnic group. The Chinese rates of infant mortality are significantly lower than the Malay or Indian rates. Instead of examining the obvious access to care issues, this study considered factors related to the culture of infant care. Practices include the Chinese confinement of the mother in the first month after childbirth ("pe'i yue") and Pillsbury's 12 normative rules for Malaysian Chinese care. Malay practices vary widely by region and history. Indian mothers are restricted by diet. Data-recording flaws do not permit analysis of Sarawak or Sabah. The general assumption that Western medicine favors better health for mothers and infants is substantiated among peninsular communities, however, there are also negative impacts which affect infant mortality. The complex interaction of factors impacting on infant mortality reported in seven previous studies is discussed. A review of these studies reveals that immediate causes are infections, injuries, and dehydration. Indirect causes are birth weight or social and behavioral factors such as household income or maternal education. Indirect factors, which are amenable to planned change and influence the biological proximate determinants of infant mortality, are identified as birth weight, maternal age at birth, short pregnancy intervals or prior reproductive loss, sex of the child, birth order, duration of breast feeding and conditions of supplementation, types of household water and sanitation, year of child's birth, maternal education, household income and composition, institution of birth, ethnicity, and rural residence. Nine factors are identified empirically as not significant: maternal hours of work in the child's first year, maternal occupation, distance from home to workplace, presence of other children or servants, incidence of epidemics in the child's first year of life, community types of sanitation, prices and availability of infant foods, and access to various types of medical care. Future empirical study should consider factors such as class differences, place of residence, or extent of illiteracy as underlying or related to ethnicity. Policy-makers should be aware that future decline in infant mortality rates may depend on the blending of traditional with modern practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics

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