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Fulltext Dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever

Ismail A, Kader ZS, Kok-Hai O

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Dec;22(4):563-6.
PMID: 1820645

A nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgM and IgG antibodies with 4-chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers gave negative results. The detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in typhoid patients suggest either recent or current infection. Combined with the high specificity, reliability and rapidity of the test, the dot EIA technique provides a simple and useful method for the serodiagnosis of typhoid using a single serum specimen.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/isolation & purification
Fulltext Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in normal individuals and hospital patients in Kuala Lumpur

Ton SH, Thiruselvam A, Lopez CG, Noriah R

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Dec;38(4):279-81.
PMID: 6100990

110 normal, healthy adults were tested for antibody to hepatitis A (anti-HA) type IgG and 86 (78.2%) were found to be positive. An age-specific prevalence wasfound to be lowest in the lower agegroup and highest in the higher age-group. Out of 24 IgG positive individuals, only one was found to have type IgM. No significant difference in the incidence ofanti-HA type IgG was found between 42 patients in the Urology Unit, General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur and normal individuals (P > 0.1). 15 patients diagnosed as viral hepatitis were investigated for HA V IgG and IgM antibodies. 13 (86.7%) were positive for type IgG. Of this, only five (33%) were positive for the type IgM, suggesting that HA V is the cause of acute viral hepatitis in 33% of cases admitted to hospital as viral hepatitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis
Fulltext Comparison of an IgM capture ELISA with a dot enzyme immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infections

Cardosa MJ, Zuraini I

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Sep;22(3):337-40.
PMID: 1818383

This study describes the use of an IgM capture ELISA using cell culture derived antigens and a polyclonal rabbit antiflavivirus antisera for the detection of dengue positive cases. The IgM capture ELISA is compared with the dot enzyme immunoassay and the results are discussed in the context of dengue endemicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood*
Diagnosis and surveillance of dengue virus infections: gold standards and new directions

Cardosa MJ

Malays J Pathol, 1989 Aug;11:7-10.
PMID: 2698983
Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis
Detection of specific IgM in dengue infection

Lam SK, Devi S, Pang T

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1987 Dec;18(4):532-8.
PMID: 3329413

A modification of the IgM-capture ELISA which can provide an early diagnosis for dengue infection is presented. The test is technically simple compared to HI and appears to be more sensitive. It has the advantage over HIT for the detection of specific IgM in that it is more sensitive and the reading of the result is not subjective. There is the possibility of the test being able to replace HI and HIT in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis*
The role of toxoplasmosis in congenital disease in Malaysia

Tan DS, Mak JW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1985 Mar;16(1):88-92.
PMID: 4023821

Toxoplasmosis was found not to be an important cause of intrauterine infection in Malaysia as the rate of toxoplasma-specific IgM in 1,060 congenitally defective Malaysian children, 0 to 4 months old (0.4%) was lower than that in 405 normal children of the same age group (2.0%). A total of 8.2 intra-uterine toxoplasmic infections per 1,000 live births was detected of which one-third (2.7 per 1,000 live births) was overt, manifesting symptoms more of liver damage, than eye or brain damage. A comparison was made with the rates in U.S.A. and Europe. The role of toxoplasmosis in abortion needs to be studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis
Fulltext Diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the early detection of leptospirosis

Alia SN, Joseph N, Philip N, Azhari NN, Garba B, Masri SN, et al.

J Infect Public Health, 2018 11 27;12(2):263-269.
PMID: 30502041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.137

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed with several other tropical febrile illnesses in Malaysia due to similarities in clinical manifestations. Although treatment regimens could be started based on clinical judgments, early diagnosis has become paramount as a guide to chemotherapeutic interventions. Confirmed laboratory diagnosis through MAT or PCR is time consuming and usually available only in reference laboratories and not practical in healthcare settings. Rapid and easy to perform diagnostic tests are widely used in these settings as the point of care diagnosis. The present study was undertaken to compare the diagnostic performance of two IgM based immunodiagnostic assay kits for acute leptospirosis.
METHODS: A total of 50 serum samples were collected from patients clinically suspected for acute leptospirosis on admission in the Hospital Serdang, from June 2016 to June 2017. All the samples were subjected to MAT, lipL32 PCR and the two rapid tests (Leptocheck-WB and ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test).
RESULTS: Out of the 50 clinically suspected patients sampled, 19 were confirmed positive for leptospirosis. Six (12%) were confirmed by MAT and 13 (26%) by PCR. Similarly, of the 50 clinically suspected cases, 17 (34%) showed positivity for Leptocheck-WB and 7 (14%) for ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test. The overall sensitivity and specificity was 47.37% and 80.65% for Leptocheck-WB, and 21.05% and 90.32% for ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test. In another set of previously confirmed MAT positive samples (1:400-1:3600) obtained from a reference laboratory, Leptocheck-WB showed higher sensitivity (90.72%) than ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test (40.21%), and comparable specificity for ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test (88.89%) and Leptocheck-WB (82.86%).
CONCLUSION: The sensitivity was higher for Leptocheck-WB and had a comparable specificity with ImmuneMed Leptospira IgM Duo Rapid test. Therefore, based on the present study, Leptocheck-WB is found to be a more sensitive rapid immunodiagnostic test for acute leptospirosis screening in hospital settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood*
Mesangial IGM in minimal change glomerular disease: a clinicopathological study in a Malaysian population

Looi LM, Wang F, Lam KL, Chua CT

Pathology, 1985 Jan;17(1):41-4.
PMID: 3889788

During a 6 yr period, 105 (69%) of 153 patients in whom a histological diagnosis of minimal change glomerular disease was made had renal biopsy tissue suitable for immunofluorescence examination. Thirty seven (35%) patients showed glomerular mesangial deposits of IgM. All the patients presented with the nephrotic syndrome. We found no significant difference in age and sex prevalence, presentation, response to therapy and glomerular morphology between IgM positive and IgM negative groups. This study suggests that there is no necessity to categorize IgM positive minimal change glomerular disease as a separate entity.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis*
A simple adherence test for detection of IgM antibodies in typhoid

Ong LY, Pang T, Lim SH, Tan EL, Puthucheary SD

J Med Microbiol, 1989 Jul;29(3):195-8.
PMID: 2473209

A simple adherence test to detect IgM antibodies in patients with typhoid is described. The test utilises the IgM-"capture" approach, in which the test serum is applied to microtitration plate wells previously coated with anti-human IgM, followed by application of a stained Salmonella typhi antigen suspension which shows adherence in positive cases. By this test, 58 (95%) of 61 sera from confirmed cases of typhoid possessed IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. In patients for whom a diagnosis of typhoid was based only on a significant Widal-test titre, 31 (41%) of 76 sera had IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. Some cross-reactivity of the IgM antibodies was detected, especially with the O antigens of S. paratyphi A and B. A total of 82 sera from non-typhoidal fevers (leptospirosis, typhus, dengue fever) showed no reactivity in this test. In normal sera there was no detectable IgM to the O antigen of S. typhi and only a small number (3.9%) had low levels of IgM to the H antigen. The significance and potential importance of this simple, sensitive, specific and economical test is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis*
Fulltext A Toxoplasma gondii 10 kDa in vitro excretory secretory antigen reactive with human IgM and IgA antibodies

Saadatnia G, Ghaffarifar F, Khalilpour A, Amerizadeh A, Rahmah N

Trop Biomed, 2011 Dec;28(3):606-14.
PMID: 22433890 MyJurnal

Toxoplasmosis can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients and to congenitally infected foetuses. Appropriate laboratory investigations in potential cases of acute Toxoplasma infection are important. Excretory secretory antigen (ESA) is immunogenic during both human and experimental infections, therefore is considered as a good candidate for investigation into new infection markers. In this study, ESA was prepared from in vitro cultures of Toxoplasma gondii to identify T. gondii ESA antigenic component(s) that is/are most reactive with serum samples from probable acute cases of toxoplasmosis. Serum samples were obtained from several categories of individuals with the following Toxoplasma serology: Group I: IgM+ IgG+ (low IgG avidity) or IgM+ IgG- from sera of patients who had clinical query of toxoplasmosis (n=35). Group II: IgM- IgG+ (high IgG avidity) from chronically infected individuals (n=30). Group III: normal/healthy individuals with anti-Toxoplasma IgMIgG- (n=20). Group IV: individuals with other infections who had anti-Toxoplasma IgM- IgG- (n=10). The ESA was subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blot analysis using the above sera and probed with peroxidase conjugated anti-human IgM and IgA antibodies. The blots were then developed using chemiluminescence substrate. The selected antigenic band was excised from the gel after two dimensional electrophoresis and sent for mass spectrometry analysis using MALDI TOF-TOF. The most promising antigenic band was a 10 kDa protein which showed sensitivity of 80% in both IgM and IgA blots, and specificity of 96.7% with sera from other infections and healthy controls. The two best identifications for the 10 kDa band were ubiquitin (ribosomal protein CEP52 fusion protein) and polyubiquitin.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood*
Evaluation of IgM LAT and IgM ELISA as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for early diagnosis of Leptospira sp

Zin NM, Othman SN, Abd Rahman FR, Abdul Rachman AR

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):1071-1080.
PMID: 33597476

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is non-specific and frequently misdiagnosed as other illnesses. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracies of two commercial tests for early diagnosis of Leptospira species: the IgM latex agglutination test (IgM LAT) and the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA). A total of 140 serum samples were obtained from patients suspected of leptospirosis at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). These serum samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira sp. using IgM LAT, IgM ELISA and MAT. From Table 1, IgM LAT showed 21% (n = 29) positive, 18% (n = 25) inconclusive and 61% (n = 86) negative, while IgM ELISA showed 6% (n = 8) positive, 6% (n = 8) inconclusive, 88% (n = 124) negative and MAT showed 11% (n = 16) positive, 47% (n = 65) inconclusive, 42% (n = 59) negative. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of IgM LAT were 68.8%, 57.6%, 30.6% and 87.2% respectively, while for IgM ELISA they were 37.5%, 89.8%, 50% and 84.1%, respectively as compared to MAT (Table 2). The results showed that IgM LAT had higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to IgM ELISA. In conclusion, IgM LAT can be useful as an early screening test for early diagnosis of Leptospira sp., while IgM ELISA is a suitable method for reducing false negative detection of Leptospira sp. As both tests show moderate percentages (~65%) in accuracy, an additional test is required for better detection of Leptospira sp.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood*
Variation in serum immunoglobulin G, A and M levels in Malaysian blood donors

Yadav M, Shah FH

Med J Malaysia, 1978 Sep;33(1):57-71.
PMID: 750898
Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis*
Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Semai

Lim VK, Moosdeen F, Nagappan N

Med J Malaysia, 1977 Jun;31(4):288-91.
PMID: 927234
Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis*
Serum immunoglobulin levels in the Malaysian Orang Asli

Yadav M, Shah FH, Dhaliwal SS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1978 Dec;9(4):501-9.
PMID: 751216

Serum immunoglobulin G, A, M, D and E levels were determined in the forest-dwelling Orang Asli of age group 8 to 64 years. The levels are higher than observed for urban Malaysians and comparable to levels reported for populations residing in the tropics. There was no significant difference in serum levels of all the immunoglobulins studied in both sexes. The elevated serum immunoglobulins levels are discussed in terms of the nature of the immune defence developed in the Orang Asli to contend with the many parasites prevalent in their environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis
Fulltext The neutralizing role of IgM during early Chikungunya virus infection

Chua CL, Sam IC, Chiam CW, Chan YF

PLoS One, 2017;12(2):e0171989.
PMID: 28182795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171989

The antibody isotype IgM appears earlier than IgG, within days of onset of symptoms, and is important during the early stages of the adaptive immune response. Little is known about the functional role of IgM during infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a recently reemerging arbovirus that has caused large global outbreaks. In this study, we studied antibody responses in 102 serum samples collected during CHIKV outbreaks in Malaysia. We described the neutralizing role of IgM at different times post-infection and examined the independent contributions of IgM and IgG towards the neutralizing capacity of human immune sera during the early phase of infection, including the differences in targets of neutralizing epitopes. Neutralizing IgM starts to appear as early as day 4 of symptoms, and their appearance from day 6 is associated with a reduction in viremia. IgM acts in a complementary manner with the early IgG, but plays the main neutralizing role up to a point between days 4 and 10 which varies between individuals. After this point, total neutralizing capacity is attributable almost entirely to the robust neutralizing IgG response. IgM preferentially binds and targets epitopes on the CHIKV surface E1-E2 glycoproteins, rather than individual E1 or E2. These findings provide insight into the early antibody responses to CHIKV, and have implications for design of diagnostic serological assays.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/immunology*
Toxoplasma gondii infection among selected indigenous community in Sarawak, East Malaysia

Ngui R, Hassan NA, Chang LY, Teh SJC, Chua KH, Kee BP, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):155-164.
PMID: 33612726

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans. To date, little is known about T. gondii infection among the indigenous community, particularly in East Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the status of T. gondii infection and to investigate associated risk factors among the indigenous community of Sarawak, East Malaysia. The sociodemographic data was obtained using a pretested questionnaire. A serological test was done to detect the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies against T. gondii in serum samples. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine acute infection among seropositive individuals. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 50% (95% CI = 43.3 - 56.7). From this subset, 40.1%, 5.7%, and 4.2% were positive for anti-T. Gondii IgG antibodies, IgM, and both IgG and IgM, respectively. Four seropositive samples were amplified through PCR. None of the pregnant women tested positive for T. gondii infection based on the serological and PCR assays. A significant association was found between age, low monthly household income, unemployment, usage of untreated water and close contact with T. gondii seropositive cats. These results provide basic information on T. gondii infection and may be useful for policymakers to initiate prevention and control programs, especially amongst pregnant women and women of childbearing age in the indigenous community.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people in southeast Hubei province, China

Shen ZZ, Li K, Li ZJ, Shang XL, Hu F, Zhou WJ, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):452-457.
PMID: 33612814

Toxoplasma gondii is a world-widely spread zoonotic parasite. However, scarce knowledge is known about the prevalence of T. gondii infection in people in Hubei province, China. This study herein was to perform epidemiological investigation of T. gondii infection in people in this region. A total 12527 blood samples were obtained during 2015-2018, and were assayed for T. gondii antibodies of IgG and IgM, respectively by employing an indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The results discovered that the prevalence of T. gondii in people was 2.44% and 6.1%, respectively based on antibodies of IgG and IgM, respectively. The prevalence was ranged from 0.3% to 5.4% during 2015-2018 based on IgM antibodies. For genders, the prevalence was 0.7% and 2.6% in males and females, respectively based on IgM antibodies. In different years, the prevalence was ranged from 4.9% to 14.0% based on IgG antibodies. The prevalence of T. gondii was 4.9% and 6.6% in males and femalesy based on IgG antibodies. The current results may be helpful for the implementation of preventive measures against Toxoplasma infection among people living in this region.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood
Genotyping and characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strain isolated from pigs in Hubei province, central China

Xia NB, Lu Y, Zhao PF, Wang CF, Li YY, Tan L, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):489-498.
PMID: 33612818

Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous pathogen that infects nearly all warm-blooded animals and humans, can cause severe complications to the infected people and animals as well as serious economic losses and social problems. Here, one local strain (TgPIG-WH1) was isolated from an aborted pig fetus, and the genotype of this strain was identified as ToxoDB #3 by the PCR RFLP typing method using 10 molecular markers (SAG1, SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico). A comparison of the virulence of this isolate with other strains in both mice and piglets showed that TgPIG-WH1 was less virulent than type 1 strain RH and type 2 strain ME49 in mice, and caused similar symptoms to those of ME49 such as fever in piglets. Additionally, in piglet infection with both strains, the TgPIG-WH1 caused a higher IgG response and more severe pathological damages than ME49. Furthermore, TgPIG-WH1 caused one death in the 5 infected piglets, whereas ME49 did not, suggesting the higher virulence of TgPIG-WH1 than ME49 during piglet infection. Experimental infections indicate that the virulence of TgPIG-WH1 relative to ME49 is weaker in mice, but higher in pigs. This is probably the first report regarding a ToxoDB #3 strain from pigs in Hubei, China. These data will facilitate the understanding of genetic diversity of Toxoplasma strains in China as well as the prevention and control of porcine toxoplasmosis in the local region.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among Hemato-oncology patients in Kelantan

Kholib-Jati AK, Wan-Ahmad WMA, Mohamad S, Wan-Mahmood WH, Husin A, Wan-Ab-Rahman WS

Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):218-226.
PMID: 33612733

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii that is prevalent in humans and animals. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among hemato-oncology patients and its association with sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) involving 56 blood samples from hemato-oncology patients. Anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and IgG avidity were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The association of T. gondii exposure, sociodemographic, and behavioural characteristics were assessed by a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. Twenty-eight (50%) patients were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies, where 27 (48.21%) patients were IgG+/IgM- and one patient (1.79%) was IgG+/IgM+ with high avidity index, indicating infection of more than 20 weeks. A univariate analysis showed that age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, employment status, stem cell transplant, blood transfusion, close contact with cats, water supply, and consumption of undercooked meat were not significantly associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity (p < 0.05). Our study has demonstrated, for the first time, the serological evidence of T. gondii exposure among hemato-oncology patients in Hospital USM. Our findings indicated that latent toxoplasmosis was relatively prevalence among our patients. Therefore, serological screening tests should be considered for immunocompromised patients as well as the implementation of health education programmes to encourage a healthy lifestyle and the consumption of healthy food among them.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/blood
Comparative evaluation of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of rickettsial disease

Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, Lewis GE

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1988 Mar;38(2):400-6.
PMID: 3128129 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.400

An indirect immunoperoxidase test was compared with an indirect fluorescent antibody test and the Weil-Felix OXK test for serodiagnosis of scrub typhus by measuring the rickettsial antigen specific activity of IgG, IgM, and whole globulin. Acute and convalescent sera from 50 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolate-positive scrub typhus patients and from 45 febrile patients diagnosed as having diseases other than scrub typhus were tested. The receiver operating characteristic for each test showed that the indirect immunoperoxidase and indirect fluorescent antibody tests were more sensitive and specific than the Weil-Felix test using convalescent and acute as well as paired sera. The indirect immunoperoxidase test showed no cross-reactivity when R. tsutsugamushi antigen was tested against sera collected from patients living outside the scrub typhus-endemic area with diseases other than scrub typhus. The indirect immunoperoxidase and indirect fluorescent antibody tests were comparable in measured response to R. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi, and TT-118 (spotted fever group) antigen. Thus the indirect immunoperoxidase test represents a sensitive, specific, reproducible, and practical semiquantitative test for rickettsial disease diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Immunoglobulin M/analysis

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