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Sequence analysis of recent Indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 from clinical materials

Muthuchelvan D, Venkataramanan R, Hemadri D, Sanyal A, Tosh C

Acta Virol., 2001 Jun;45(3):159-67.
PMID: 11774894

Partial nucleotide sequences of 1D gene of 38 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of serotypes O, A and Asia 1 originating from various parts of India were determined. Field materials were subjected straight to RNA extraction, reverse transcription - PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Also 3 FMDV vaccine strains, IND R2/75 (serotype O), IND 63/72 (serotype Asia 1) and IND 17/77 (serotype A) were included in the analysis. The seqences were compared mutually as well as with available corresponding sequences of other FMDV isolates, and their phylogenetic relationships were calculated. The deduced amino acid sequences showed that the serotype O isolates were relatively conserved as compared to serotype Asia 1 or A isolates from India. In phylogenetic analysis, the serotype O viruses clustered in two genotypes, one including the European vaccine strain (O1/K) and the other represented by the isolates from Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Turkey. The serotype Asia 1 viruses clustered in two groups of single genotype where the prototype strain from Pakistan (PAK 1/54) formed one group and the other was formed by the isolates from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Israel and Nepal. In serotype A viruses three well-differentiated genotypes were observed. The isolates from Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Malaysia and India formed the first genotype. The second genotype was formed by isolates from Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, while two recent Iranian isolates represented the third genotype. In India, the prevalence of at least one genotype could be identified in each serotype. This evolutionary clustering of isolates from the neighbor countries is not surprising, since these countries share border with India. The genetic relatedness between sequences of isolates from India and those from distant places is indicative of spread of the virus between the countries. Of importance is the fact that clinical materials proved useful for rapid generation of sequences and subsequent studying of molecular epidemiology of the disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview

Appelbaum PC

Clin Infect Dis, 1992 Jul;15(1):77-83.
PMID: 1617076

Clinical resistance to penicillin in Streptococcus pneumoniae was first reported by researchers in Boston in 1965; subsequently, this phenomenon was reported from Australia (1967) and South Africa (1977). Since these early reports, penicillin resistance has been encountered with increasing frequency in strains of S. pneumoniae from around the world. In South Africa strains resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol as well as multiresistant strains have been isolated. Similar patterns of resistance have been reported from Spain. Preliminary evidence points to a high prevalence of resistant pneumococci in Hungary, other countries of Eastern Europe, and some countries in other areas of Europe, notably France. In the United States most reports of resistant pneumococci come from Alaska and the South, but resistance is increasing in other states and in Canada. Pneumococcal resistance has also been described in Zambia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Chile, and Brazil; information from other African, Asian, and South American countries is not available. The rising prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci worldwide mandates selective susceptibility testing and epidemiological investigations during outbreaks.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in raw and cooked food

Norazah A, Rahizan I, Zainuldin T, Rohani MY, Kamel AG

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1998 Mar;29(1):91-3.
PMID: 9740276

A total of 402 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from a variety of food samples and screened for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Screening was carried out using 15 specific monovalent antisera from Murex Diagnostic Limited. A total of 19 E. coli isolates were serotyped as EPEC. The EPEC strains were shown to belong to 8 serotypes. Eight out of 19 EPEC strains belonged to serotype 018C:K77 (B21). Seventeen out of 19 of the EPEC strains were isolated from cooked food. The presence of E. coli in cooked food is an indicator of fecal contamination and a sign of unhygienic food handling. The presence of EPEC in food could be a potential source of food-borne outbreak. Hygiene training for every food-handler is a necessity.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Detection and serotyping of dengue viruses by PCR: a simple, rapid method for the isolation of viral RNA from infected mosquito larvae

Chan SY, Kautner I, Lam SK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Jun;25(2):258-61.
PMID: 7855637

Dengue viruses pose a considerable global public health problem with an estimated 100 million cases of illness every year. This illustrates the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic methods for proper patient management and disease control. Currently, laboratory diagnosis depends on serology or virus isolation, with both methods having certain drawbacks. Alternatively, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) offers the potential for the rapid, highly sensitive and specific detection of dengue viruses. Since we occasionally encounter the problem of insufficient amounts of patient serum for the direct detection of dengue viruses, a method was developed for the extraction of viral RNA after biological amplification in mosquito larvae. Using this method, 15 of 19 clinical samples tested were correctly identified using RT-PCR.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Absence of plasmid in mosquitocidal Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia

Seleena P, Lee HL

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Jun;25(2):394-6.
PMID: 7855665
Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Distribution of group B streptococcal serotypes in Malaysia

Ngeow YF, Puthucheary SD

J Trop Med Hyg, 1987 Aug;90(4):193-6.
PMID: 3309355

A total of 350 strains of group B streptococci (308 from adults and 42 from neonates) were serotyped. The majority of the isolates from adult patients were from the genito-urinary tract and most of the neonatal isolates were from babies less than 10 days old. Serotype III was the predominant type among all groups of patients and accounted for 50.9% of all serotypes. The second and third most frequently occurring serotypes were II and Ic respectively. Together with type III they made up 87% of the isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Serological ecology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG and non-PPNG) strains: Canadian perspective

Dillon JR, Bygdeman SM, Sandström EG

Genitourin Med, 1987 Jun;63(3):160-8.
PMID: 3111978

One hundred and thirty eight penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 239 non-PPNG strains were characterised serologically using a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies directed against protein 1A and seven against protein 1B. An association between serovar and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, auxotype, and plasmid content was observed. Serogroup WI strains were more sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime. Sixty five (82%) of the 79 WI strains were typed as being serovar Aedgkih, and 47 (72%) of these strains required arginine, uracil, and hypoxanthine for growth (AUH-). Seventy one (44%) of 160 WII/WIII strains were serovar Bacejk, and 42 (59%) of these required proline, citrulline, and uracil for growth (PCU-) and were plasmid free. Serovars Bcgk, Beghjk, Bacjk, and Bajk were associated with resistance to antimicrobial agents. Analysis of PPNG isolates showed a new serovar, Af, which was associated with strains imported from Malaysia and Singapore that required proline and ornithine for growth (Pro-Orn-) and carried the 24.5 megadalton transfer plasmid, the 2.6 megadalton cryptic plasmid, and the 4.5 megadalton penicillinase producing plasmid. Other associations between serovar and geographical location were noted.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Serotype prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella strains isolated in Malaysia during 1980 and 1981

Jegathesan M

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1984 Jun;2(2):102-4.
PMID: 6501820
Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Salmonella serotypes isolated from man in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1973-1982

Jegathesan M

J Hyg (Lond), 1984 Jun;92(3):395-9.
PMID: 6376627

The results of serotyping of 10 953 salmonella isolates from humans over a 10-year period, 1973-82 at the Bacteriology Division, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia are presented. A total of 104 serotypes from 22 'O' groups were encountered; 95 isolates were considered untypable. The three most predominant serotypes, namely Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium and S. weltevreden together accounted for 54.1% of all isolates whilst the 25 most frequent serotypes accounted for 93.6% of the total. Whilst the commoner serotypes occurred regularly throughout the study period, the rarer ones tended to appear only in one year, when they might be associated with an outbreak, and never again. The pattern of serotypes, though quite similar to the one seen in neighbouring Singapore, is different from those experienced in other places such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, Bangladesh and Manchester.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Comparison of an IgM capture ELISA with a dot enzyme immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infections

Cardosa MJ, Zuraini I

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Sep;22(3):337-40.
PMID: 1818383

This study describes the use of an IgM capture ELISA using cell culture derived antigens and a polyclonal rabbit antiflavivirus antisera for the detection of dengue positive cases. The IgM capture ELISA is compared with the dot enzyme immunoassay and the results are discussed in the context of dengue endemicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
The 1982 dengue epidemic in Malaysia: epidemiological, serological and virological aspects

Fang R, Lo E, Lim TW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1984 Mar;15(1):51-8.
PMID: 6740379

In 1982, Malaysia experienced the worst dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever outbreak in its history. All states in Peninsular and East Malaysia were similarly affected. There was a total of 3,005 cases with 35 deaths, with the majority of cases occurring between the months of July to October. There was a total of 1,001 laboratory confirmed cases. Most of the cases were in patients over the age of 15 years. The Chinese population was mainly affected, although a much higher proportion of Malays was noted in comparison to previous years. The main serotypes involved were dengue-1 and dengue-3. No dengue-4 serotype were isolated.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia

Marchette NJ, Garcia R, Rudnick A

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1969 May;18(3):411-5.
PMID: 4976739
Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Serotyping of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated in Malaysia

Zain ZB, Iritani Y

J Vet Med Sci, 1992 Apr;54(2):363-5.
PMID: 1606267
Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Pneumococcal serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility in Malaysia: A four-year study (2014-2017) on invasive paediatric isolates

Arushothy R, Ahmad N, Amran F, Hashim R, Samsudin N, Azih CRC

Int J Infect Dis, 2019 Mar;80:129-133.
PMID: 30572022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.009

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to analyze the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children aged 5 years and under in Malaysia and to assess the antimicrobial resistance.
METHODS: From 2014 to 2017, a total of 245 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates from children ≤5 years of age were received from hospitals all around Malaysia. All isolates were identified and subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
RESULTS: Of the 245 isolates, 117 (48.0%) were from children aged <1year, 46 (19.05%) were from children aged 1-2 years, and 82 (33.0%) were from children aged 2-5 years. The most common serotypes were 14 (26.9%), 6B (19.6%), 19A (11.8%), 6A (10.6%), and 19F (6.9%) and vaccine coverage was 88.2% for PCV13, 64.1% for PCV10, and 63.3% for PCV7. Resistance to penicillin was 0.2% for non-meningitis cases and 22.2% for meningitis cases; erythromycin resistance was reported in 42.9%, co-trimoxazole in 35.9%, and tetracycline in 42.9%.
CONCLUSIONS: Serotypes 14, 6B, 19A, 6A, and 19F were the most common serotypes isolated from children with IPD in Malaysia during this pre-vaccination era. The lack of reports on the serotype distribution has limited action for the implementation of PCV in the national immunization programme (NIP). The information from this study may benefit future policies for the introduction of PCV in the Malaysian NIP and ultimately may reduce the morbidity and mortality among children in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
A study of haemolytic streptococci isolated from outpatients in dermatological clinics

Murai T, Inazumi Y, Nishiwaki M, Noda Y, Hino H

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1991 Aug;65(8):960-9.
PMID: 1919131

A total of 44 patients suspected of streptococcal infections were studied in outpatient clinics in Tokyo during the one year from December 1988 to December 1989. Employing bacteriological culturing and serodiagnosis, the following results were obtained. 1) There were 9 cases of impetigo and 15 cases of erysipelas with typical clinical manifestations and age distributions. 2) It seemed that some of the skin infections were caused by group A streptococci whose M-types were different from those of upper respiratory infections typically occurring in Japan. 3) The type distribution of group A streptococci found were quite similar to those isolated in Thailand or Malaysia. 4) There were found group A streptococci exhibiting unique combinations of T- and M-types, such as T11 and M9, T11 and M62 or T13-49 and MOD8 (Provisional type). 5) As for serodiagnostic method, ADNB (anti-deoxyribonuclease B) titer reflected infection by group A streptococcus only, while ASK (anti-streptokinase) and ASO (anti-streptolysin O) reflected not only group A streptococcal infections but group G infections as well.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Complete nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 3 of bluetongue virus serotype 2 (Ona-A). Phylogenetic analyses reveal the probable origin and relationship with other orbiviruses

Pritchard LI, Gould AR, Wilson WC, Thompson L, Mertens PP, Wade-Evans AM

Virus Res, 1995 Mar;35(3):247-61.
PMID: 7785314

The nucleotide sequence of the RNA segment 3 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 2 (Ona-A) from North America was determined to be 2772 nucleotides containing a single large open reading frame of 2703 nucleotides (901 amino acid). The predicted VP3 protein exhibited general physiochemical properties (including hydropathy profiles) which were very similar to those previously deduced for other BTV VP3 proteins. Partial genome segment 3 sequences, obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing, of BTV isolates from the Caribbean were compared to those from North America, South Africa, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, as well as other orbiviruses, to determine the phylogenetic relationships amongst them. Three major BTV topotypes (Gould, A.R. (1987) Virus Res. 7, 169-183) were observed which had nucleotide sequences that differed by approximately 20%. At the molecular level, geographic separation had resulted in significant divergence in the BTV genome segment 3 sequences, consistent with the evolution of distinct viral populations. The close phylogenetic relationship between the BTV serotype 2 (Ona-A strain) from Florida and the BTV serotypes 1, 6 and 12 from Jamaica and Honduras, indicated that the presence of BTV serotype 2 in North America was probably due to an exotic incursion from the Caribbean region as previously proposed by Sellers and Maaroof ((1989) Can. J. Vet. Res. 53, 100-102) based on trajectory analysis. Conversely, nucleotide sequence analysis of Caribbean BTV serotype 17 isolates suggested they arose from incursions which originated in the USA, possibly from a BTV population distinct from those circulating in Wyoming.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Group B Streptococcus infection: epidemiology, serotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected isolates in the population beyond infancy (excluding females with genital tract- and pregnancy-related isolates) at the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur

Karunakaran R, Raja NS, Hafeez A, Puthucheary SD

Jpn J Infect Dis, 2009 May;62(3):192-4.
PMID: 19468178

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection was studied in 49 patients collected at convenience (convenience sampling), excluding infants and women with genital tract- and pregnancy-related isolates, according to the availability of stocked isolates and easy accessibility to epidemiological data. The data were examined both prospectively and retrospectively from 2003-2005 at a tertiary-level multidisciplinary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Skin and soft-tissue infections in 35 patients (71.4%) were the most common clinical presentation, while diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying condition (35 patients, 71.4%). All GBS isolates were sensitive to penicillin, and most isolates tested were sensitive to erythromycin (97.7%). Serotyping of 45 GBS isolates using a commercial serotyping kit revealed that the most common serotype was Ia (22.2%), followed by VI (17.8%), III and V (13.3% each). Others included Ib, II, IV, VIII, and VII; 13.3% were nontypeable. The findings of this pilot study are limited by the small sample size, the sampling method and the possibility that the cases are not wholly representative of the University Malaya Medical Centre population. Further studies from our hospital with larger numbers and using probabilistic sampling techniques are required to confirm the relatively high occurrence of serotype VI (the second most common serotype) in the population studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi by Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) Profiling, Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)

Kumar Y, Mani KR, Tahlan AK

Trop Life Sci Res, 2019 Jan;30(1):57-71.
PMID: 30847033 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.4

A number of countries, including developed countries, still have typhoid fever as a major problem resulting in frequent outbreaks. The importance of controlling spread of typhoid fever is well known and necessitates periodic studies to delineate epidemiological relationships. Although phage typing remains to be the preferred conventional method for characterisation of typhoid bacilli, it is of limited use due to prevalence of few predominant phage types in the country like India. Therefore, an effort has been made to assess three molecular methods [Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) Profiling, Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)] for typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. 128 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates were identified using biotyping and serotyping followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These isolates were further subjected to OMP analysis, RAPD and PFGE. PFGE (114 unique clusters) was found to be the most discriminatory method followed by RAPD (94 unique clusters) and OMP profiling (50 unique clusters). Multidrug resistant strains were well discriminated by all three methods used in the study. PFGE still remains the most preferred method for detailed epidemiological investigations. However, random amplification of polymorphic DNA and outer membrane protein profiling can also be considered for molecular discrimination of the isolates in the laboratories lacking high-end facilities.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
An immunodiffusion analysis of strains of Mycobacterium ulcerans isolated in Australia, Malaya, Mexico, Uganda and Zaire

Stanford JL

J Med Microbiol, 1973 Aug;6(3):405-8.
PMID: 4199273
Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping
Fulltext Detection of pathogenic Leptospira from selected environment in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia

Ridzlan FR, Bahaman AR, Khairani-Bejo S, Mutalib AR

Trop Biomed, 2010 Dec;27(3):632-8.
PMID: 21399605 MyJurnal

Leptospirosis is recognized as one of the important zoonotic diseases in the world including Malaysia. A total of 145 soil and water samples were collected from selected National Service Training Centres (NSTC) in Kelantan and Terengganu. The samples were inoculated into modified semisolid Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) medium, incubated at room temperature for 1 month and examined under the dark-field microscope. Positive growth of the leptospiral isolates were then confirmed with 8-Azaguanine Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Fifteen cultures (10.34%) exhibited positive growths which were seen under dark field microscope whilst only 20% (3/15) were confirmed as pathogenic species. based on 8-Azaguanine Test and PCR. Serological identification of the isolates with MAT showed that hebdomadis was the dominant serovar in Terengganu. Pathogenic leptospires can be detected in Malaysian environment and this has the potential to cause an outbreak. Therefore, precautionary steps against leptospirosis should be taken by camp authorities to ensure the safety of trainees.

Matched MeSH terms: Serotyping

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