Displaying publications 601 - 620 of 685 in total

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  1. Fulltext Emerging infectious diseases--Southeast Asia
    Lam SK
    Emerg Infect Dis, 1998 Apr-Jun;4(2):145-7.
    PMID: 9621184
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  2. Recombinant human enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease patients
    Chan YF, AbuBaker S
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2004 Aug;10(8):1468-70.
    PMID: 15496251
    Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness of infants and young children <10 years of age. It is characterized by fever, ulcers in the oral cavity, and rashes with blisters that appear on the palm and sole. The most common causal agents of HFMD are coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and human enterovirus 71 (HEV71), but other enteroviruses, including CV-A5 and CV-A10, can also cause it. When caused by CV-A16 infection, it is usually a mild disease, and patients normally recover without requiring any special medical attention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  3. Fulltext High Genetic Diversity among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates from Single Hospital: Nosocomial Outbreaks or Genotypic Profile Changes during Subcultures
    Güvenir M, Otlu B, Tunc E, Aktas E, Suer K
    Malays J Med Sci, 2018 Mar;25(2):40-49.
    PMID: 30918454 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.2.5
    Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a non-fermentative gram-negative bacillus which is widely recognised as an important nosocomial pathogen causing pneumonia, blood-stream, wound and urinary tract infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate a nosocomial outbreak of by S. maltophilia in an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital and evaluate unexpected multiclonality.

    Methods: A total of 11 isolates from respiratory cultures in intensive care unit of a 24 bed tertiary hospital obtained over a one months period and one isolate obtained from the nebuliser during environmental screening were investigated. The bacteria were identified by Phoenix 100 system. The clonal relatedness was evaluated by PFGE and semi-automated repetitive sequence-based PCR. Genotyping tests were repeated for 10 serial subcultures.

    Results: PFGE and DiversiLab yielded 10 genotypic profiles for 12 isolates. Four to eight different genotypes were observed from 10 subcultures of the same isolate.

    Conclusion: We conclude that, high genetic diversity and supposed multiclonal appearance of the outbreak isolates may be due to changing profiles during subcultures most probably depending on hypermutation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
  4. An influenza B outbreak during the 2007/2008 winter among appropriately immunized elderly people living in a nursing home
    Camilloni B, Neri M, Lepri E, Basileo M, Sigismondi N, Puzelli S, et al.
    Vaccine, 2010 Nov 3;28(47):7536-41.
    PMID: 20846530 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.064
    The study evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a trivalent subunit MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2), A/Solomon Islands/3/06 (H1N1) and B/Malaysia/2506/04) in preventing serologically diagnosed infections in a group of 67 institutionalized elderly volunteers during 2007/2008 winter, characterized by co-circulation of drifted A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B influenza viruses. Influenza vaccination induced a significant increase in the amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies, both against the vaccine and the epidemic drifted strains. However, vaccination did not prevent the circulation of the new drifted influenza B virus (B/Florida/4/06-like), belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/88-lineage, antigenically and genetically distinct from B/Victoria/2/87-lineage viruses from which the vaccine B strain was derived.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control*
  5. SHV-5 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with a nosocomial outbreak in a paediatric oncology unit in Malaysia
    Palasubramaniam S, Subramaniam G, Muniandy S, Parasakthi N
    Int J Infect Dis, 2005 May;9(3):170-2.
    PMID: 15840458
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  6. Combined detection and genotyping of Chikungunya virus by a specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
    Hasebe F, Parquet MC, Pandey BD, Mathenge EG, Morita K, Balasubramaniam V, et al.
    J Med Virol, 2002 Jul;67(3):370-4.
    PMID: 12116030
    A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed for the detection of Chikungunya virus infection. Based on the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) and glycoprotein E1 (E1) genes of Chikungunya, two primer sets were designed. Total RNA were extracted from the cell culture fluid of Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells inoculated with the S27 prototype virus, isolated in Tanzania in 1953, and the Malaysian strains (MALh0198, MALh0298, and MALh0398), isolated in Malaysia in 1998. For both sets of RNA samples, the expected 354- and 294-base pair (bp) cDNA fragments were amplified effectively from the nsP1 and E1 genes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for the Malaysian strain and other virus strains isolated from different regions in the world endemic for Chikungunya, using partial E1 gene sequence data. The Malaysian strains isolated during the epidemics of 1998 fell into a cluster with other members of the Asian genotype.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  7. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia
    Chua KB
    J Clin Virol, 2003 Apr;26(3):265-75.
    PMID: 12637075
    Nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to Hendra virus emerged in northern part of Peninsular Malaysia in 1998. The virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. The outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and Singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. Nipah virus caused systemic infections in humans, pigs and other mammals. Histopathological and radiological findings were characteristic of the disease. Fruitbats of Pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. Evidence suggested that climatic and anthropogenic driven ecological changes coupled with the location of piggeries in orchard and the design of pigsties allowed the spill-over of this novel paramyxovirus from its reservoir host into the domestic pigs and ultimately to humans and other animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  8. Emerging and re-emerging epidemic encephalitis: a tale of two viruses
    Wong KT
    Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 2000 Aug;26(4):313-8.
    PMID: 10931364
    Two major epidemics of viral encephalitis occurred in Asia in 1997 and 1998. The first was a re-emergence of neurovirulent strains of enterovirus 71, which caused severe encephalomyelitis in children in Malaysia, Taiwan and Japan, on a background of hand, foot and mouth disease. Necropsy studies of patients who died of enterovirus 71 infection showed severe perivascular cuffing, parenchymal inflammation and neuronophagia in the spinal cord, brainstem and diencephalon, and in focal areas in the cerebellum and cerebrum. Although no viral inclusions were detected, immunohistochemistry showed viral antigen in the neuronal cytoplasm. Inflammation was often more extensive than neuronal infection, suggesting that other factors, in addition to direct viral cytolysis, may be involved in tissue damage. The second epidemic of viral encephalitis was the result of a novel paramyxovirus called Nipah, which mainly involved pig handlers in Malaysia and Singapore. Pathological evidence suggested that the endothelium of small blood vessels in the central nervous system was particularly susceptible to infection. This led to disseminated endothelial damage and syncytium formation, vasculitis, thrombosis, ischaemia and microinfarction. However, there was also evidence of neuronal infection by the virus and this may also have contributed to the neurological dysfunction in Nipah encephalitis. Some patients who seemed to recover from the acute symptoms have been re-admitted with clinical findings suggestive of relapsing encephalitis. As these two epidemics indicate, the emergence and re-emergence of viral encephalitides continue to pose considerable challenges to the neuropathologist, in establishing the diagnosis and unravelling the pathogenesis of the neurological disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  9. HIV infection among injecting drug users in north-east Malaysia, 1992
    Singh S, Crofts N
    AIDS Care, 1993;5(3):273-81.
    PMID: 8218462 DOI: 10.1080/09540129308258610
    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has spread widely among injecting drug users (IDUs) in countries to the north and west of the 'Golden Triangle' region of South-East Asia; it is likely to have spread southwards to Malaysia as well. In order to assess HIV seroprevalence among IDUs in north-east Malaysia and describe risk factors for HIV infection in this population, we performed a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study among 210 IDUs recruited at the detoxification ward of the General Hospital in the capital city of the north-eastern Malaysian state, Kelantan. Subjects were sequential entrants to the detoxification ward, interviewed about HIV risk behaviour, and tested for antibody to HIV and to syphilis. Nearly a third (62/210, 30%) of these IDUs were HIV seropositive. Three-quarters (159/210) had travelled to Thailand in the preceding 5 years, of whom 32% (51/159) were HIV seropositive; this was associated with injecting in Thailand, but not with sexual contact there. Of those who had not left Malaysia in the preceding 5 years, 26% (11/43) were HIV seropositive, a rate not significantly different from those who had travelled. Travel within Malaysia was common (144/210, 69%) among IDUs interviewed, as was unsafe injecting and unsafe sexual behaviour (20% had shared injecting equipment and 21% had had unprotected intercourse) in other states. In every locale, rates of unsafe injecting behaviour were high (55% sharing in last month), even among those who knew they were HIV infected, and rates of condom usage were low (93% of 160 sexually active IDUs had never used a condom). Syphilis was not associated with HIV infection, but with contact with Thai prostitutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data*
  10. A review of Nipah and Hendra viruses with an historical aside
    Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Rollin PE
    Virus Res, 2011 Dec;162(1-2):173-83.
    PMID: 21963678 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.026
    The emergence of Hendra and Nipah viruses in the 1990s has been followed by the further emergence of these viruses in the tropical Old World. The history and current knowledge of the disease, the viruses and their epidemiology is reviewed in this article. A historical aside summarizes the role that Dr. Brian W.J. Mahy played at critical junctures in the early stories of these viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control*
  11. Tembusu-like flavivirus (Perak virus) as the cause of neurological disease outbreaks in young Pekin ducks
    Homonnay ZG, Kovács EW, Bányai K, Albert M, Fehér E, Mató T, et al.
    Avian Pathol, 2014;43(6):552-60.
    PMID: 25299764 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.973832
    A neurological disease of young Pekin ducks characterized by ataxia, lameness, and paralysis was observed at several duck farms in Malaysia in 2012. Gross pathological lesions were absent or inconsistent in most of the cases, but severe and consistent microscopic lesions were found in the brain and spinal cord, characterized by non-purulent panencephalomyelitis. Several virus isolates were obtained in embryonated duck eggs and in cell cultures (Vero and DF-1) inoculated with the brain homogenates of affected ducks. After exclusion of other viruses, the isolates were identified as a flavivirus by flavivirus-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Inoculation of 2-week-old Pekin ducks with a flavivirus isolate by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route resulted in typical clinical signs and histological lesions in the brain and spinal cord. The inoculated virus was detected by RT-PCR from organ samples of ducks with clinical signs and histological lesions. With a few days delay, the disease was also observed among co-mingled contact control birds. Phylogenetic analysis of NS5 and E gene sequences proved that the isolates were representatives of a novel phylogenetic group within clade XI (Ntaya virus group) of the Flavivirus genus. This Malaysian Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV), named Perak virus, has moderate genomic RNA sequence similarity to a related DTMUV identified in China. In our experiment the Malaysian strain of DTMUV could be transmitted in the absence of mosquito vectors. These findings may have implications for the control and prevention of this emerging group of flaviviruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/veterinary*
  12. Pathogenicity and molecular analysis of an infectious bursal disease virus isolated from Malaysian village chickens
    Tan DY, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR, Aini I
    Avian Dis, 2004 Apr-Jun;48(2):410-6.
    PMID: 15283430
    The characteristics of the pathogenic infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that infected avian species other than commercial chickens were largely unknown. In this study, by using in vivo and molecular methods, we had characterized an IBDV isolate (named 94268) isolated from an infectious bursal disease (IBD) outbreak in Malaysian village chickens--the adulterated descendant of the Southeast Asian jungle fowl (Gallus bankiva) that were commonly reared in the backyard. The 94268 isolate was grouped as the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain because it caused severe lesions and a high mortality rate in village chickens (>88%) and experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free chickens (>66%). In addition, it possessed all of the vvIBDV molecular markers in its VP2 gene. Phylogenetic analysis using distance, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods revealed that 94268 was monophyletic with other vvIBDV isolates and closely related to the Malaysian vvIBDV isolates. Given that the VP2 gene of 94268 isolate was almost identical and evolutionarily closely related to other field IBDV isolates that affected the commercial chickens, we therefore concluded that IBD infections had spread across the farm boundary. IBD infection in the village chicken may represent an important part of the IBD epidemiology because these birds could harbor the vvIBDV strain and should not be overlooked in the control and prevention of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/veterinary*
  13. Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolates from recent outbreaks in Taiwan
    Yang CY, Chang PC, Hwang JM, Shieh HK
    Avian Dis, 1997 Apr-Jun;41(2):365-73.
    PMID: 9201401
    Portions of the hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from two recent outbreaks were sequenced to investigate epidemiology of this disease in Taiwan. These NDV isolates were all viscerotropic velogenic according to the clinical lesions produced in chickens. Sequence data were obtained from 14 NDV isolates (12 from 1995 and 2 from 1984). All isolates differed in their nucleotide sequences (from 0.3 to 15.3%), and represented potentially different strains of NDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates are closely related to viruses isolated from Japan and Malaysia. Some viruses isolated in 1995 appeared to evolve from viruses isolated in 1984. The results suggest that the 1995 outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in Taiwan may have been caused by multiple strains of velogenic NDV that have cocirculated in Taiwan for some time. Moreover, NDV isolates from racing pigeons were very similar to isolates from chickens in the same period, suggesting that both domestic and free-living birds were involved in the spread of ND in Taiwan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks/veterinary*
  14. Risk factors for Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore
    Chew MH, Arguin PM, Shay DK, Goh KT, Rollin PE, Shieh WJ, et al.
    J Infect Dis, 2000 May;181(5):1760-3.
    PMID: 10823780
    During 10-19 March 1999, 11 workers in 1 of 2 Singaporean abattoirs developed Nipah-virus associated encephalitis or pneumonia, resulting in 1 fatality. A case-control study was conducted to determine occupational risk factors for infection. Case patients were abattoir A workers who had anti-Nipah IgM antibodies; control subjects were randomly selected abattoir A workers who tested negative for anti-Nipah IgM. All 13 case patients versus 26 (63%) of 41 control subjects reported contact with live pigs (P=.01). Swine importation from Malaysian states concurrently experiencing a Nipah virus outbreak was banned on 3 March 1999; on 19 March 1999, importation of Malaysian pigs was banned, and abattoirs were closed. No unusual illnesses among pigs processed during February-March were reported. Contact with live pigs appeared to be the most important risk factor for human Nipah virus infection. Direct contact with live, potentially infected pigs should be minimized to prevent transmission of this potentially fatal zoonosis to humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  15. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia
    Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, Mounts AW, Arif MT, Ksiazek TG, et al.
    J Infect Dis, 2000 May;181(5):1755-9.
    PMID: 10823779
    An outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Most patients were pig farmers. Clinically undetected Nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). Case patients (persons with Nipah infection) were more likely than community-farm controls to report increased numbers of sick/dying pigs on the farm (59% vs. 24%, P=.001) and were more likely than case-farm controls to perform activities requiring direct contact with pigs (86% vs. 50%, P=.005). Only 8% of case patients reported no contact with pigs. The outbreak stopped after pigs in the affected areas were slaughtered and buried. Direct, close contact with pigs was the primary source of human Nipah infection, but other sources, such as infected dogs and cats, cannot be excluded.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  16. Emerging viral diseases
    Nichol ST, Arikawa J, Kawaoka Y
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2000 Nov 07;97(23):12411-2.
    PMID: 11035785
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  17. Fulltext Molecular evidence of cholera outbreak caused by a toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor variant strain in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Ang GY, Yu CY, Balqis K, Elina HT, Azura H, Hani MH, et al.
    J Clin Microbiol, 2010 Nov;48(11):3963-9.
    PMID: 20826646 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01086-10
    A total of 20 Vibrio cholerae isolates were recovered for investigation from a cholera outbreak in Kelantan, Malaysia, that occurred between November and December 2009. All isolates were biochemically characterized as V. cholerae serogroup O1 Ogawa of the El Tor biotype. They were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics, including tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, streptomycin, penicillin G, and polymyxin B, with 35% of the isolates being resistant to ampicillin. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and kanamycin. Multiplex PCR analysis confirmed the biochemical identification and revealed the presence of virulence genes, viz., ace, zot, and ctxA, in all of the isolates. Interestingly, the sequencing of the ctxB gene showed that the outbreak strain harbored the classical cholera toxin gene and therefore belongs to the newly assigned El Tor variant biotype. Clonal analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that a single clone of a V. cholerae strain was responsible for this outbreak. Thus, we present the first molecular evidence that the toxigenic V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant has invaded Malaysia, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring to facilitate early interventions against any potential epidemic by this biotype.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  18. Fulltext Outbreak-associated Vibrio cholerae genotypes with identical pulsotypes, Malaysia, 2009
    Teh CS, Suhaili Z, Lim KT, Khamaruddin MA, Yahya F, Sajili MH, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2012 Jul;18(7):1177-9.
    PMID: 22709679 DOI: 10.3201/eid1807.111656
    A cholera outbreak in Terengganu, Malaysia, in November 2009 was caused by 2 El Tor Vibrio cholerae variants resistant to typical antimicrobial drugs. Evidence of replacement of treatable V. cholerae infection in the region with antimicrobial-resistant strains calls for increased surveillance and prevention measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  19. Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India
    Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2006 Feb;12(2):235-40.
    PMID: 16494748
    During January and February 2001, an outbreak of febrile illness associated with altered sensorium was observed in Siliguri, West Bengal, India. Laboratory investigations at the time of the outbreak did not identify an infectious agent. Because Siliguri is in close proximity to Bangladesh, where outbreaks of Nipah virus (NiV) infection were recently described, clinical material obtained during the Siliguri outbreak was retrospectively analyzed for evidence of NiV infection. NiV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies were detected in 9 of 18 patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays detected RNA from NiV in urine samples from 5 patients. Sequence analysis confirmed that the PCR products were derived from NiV RNA and suggested that the NiV from Siliguri was more closely related to NiV isolates from Bangladesh than to NiV isolates from Malaysia. NiV infection has not been previously detected in India.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
  20. Fulltext Influenza outbreaks during World Youth Day 2008 mass gathering
    Blyth CC, Foo H, van Hal SJ, Hurt AC, Barr IG, McPhie K, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2010 May;16(5):809-15.
    PMID: 20409371 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091136
    Influenza outbreaks during mass gatherings have been rarely described, and detailed virologic assessment is lacking. An influenza outbreak occurred during World Youth Day in Sydney, Australia, July 2008 (WYD2008). We assessed epidemiologic data and respiratory samples collected from attendees who sought treatment for influenza-like illness at emergency clinics in Sydney during this outbreak. Isolated influenza viruses were compared with seasonal influenza viruses from the 2008 influenza season. From 100 infected attendees, numerous strains were identified: oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) viruses, oseltamivir-sensitive influenza A (H1N1) viruses, influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and strains from both influenza B lineages (B/Florida/4/2006-like and B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like). Novel viruses were introduced, and pre-WYD2008 seasonal viruses were amplified. Viruses isolated at mass gatherings can have substantial, complex, and unpredictable effects on community influenza activity. Greater flexibility by public health authorities and hospitals is required to appropriately manage and contain these outbreaks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*
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