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Breastfeeding and the use of maternal health services in Sarawak

Kwa SK

Malays J Reprod Health, 1993 Jun;11(1):8-19.
PMID: 12318984

An increase in the use of health services and contraception is usually associated with a decrease in breastfeeding. This study seeks to establish the relationship between maternal use of health services and breastfeeding practice. Data was obtained from the Sarawak Population and Family Survey of 1989. The breastfeeding pattern of 1583 children born to 1047 women aged between 15-49 years in the five years preceding the study were analyzed and compared among the various groups using maternal health services and contraception. Results showed that Sarawak has a very short mean duration of about 6 months for breastfeeding. Women attending antenatal and postnatal clinics had shorter breastfeeding durations but higher initiation rates compared to those who did not. Those whose delivered by doctors and those delivering in private hospitals were least likely to breastfeed. Contraceptive use was also negatively associated with breastfeeding duration. Whilst it is commendable that the use of maternal health facilities is high in Sarawak, the inverse relationship to breastfeeding can offset its health benefits. Health policies can play a part to arrest this decline which is also related to socioeconoic development.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Breast-feeding in some developing countries

Ahmad M

Egypt Popul Fam Plann Rev, 1979;13(1-2):168-86.
PMID: 12312263

PIP: Responses to questions relating to breastfeeding in the World Fertility Surveys of South Korea, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh are analyzed. Of these countries, the percentage of ever-married women who had breastfed in the last closed interval was between 94-99%, except for Malaysia (81%) and average number of months breastfeeding took place was from 16.5-19.2, except for Malaysia (7.3). The infant mortality rate in these countries was 33/1000 live births for South Korea, 45/1000 for Malaysia, 51/1000 for Sri Lanka, 137/1000 for Indonesia, 150/1000 for Bangladesh, and 152/1000 for Nepal. Responses, however, might vary according to different interview situations. Assuming that the reporting errors are of similar magnitude and direction, the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and the birth interval can be studied. But it is possible that breastfeeding was prolonged due to other reasons for which conception was delayed; thus the regression of breastfeeding duration on the birth interval is not as logical as the regression of the birth interval on the breastfeeding is, especially when habitual breastfeeding can be avoided. The negative relationship between breastfeeding and infant mortality does exist, assuming that a woman breastfeeds all her children for similar durations. Some breastfeeding differentials are place of residence (less for rural areas), education (reduces duration), and religion (Christians have shorter duration than Muslims, Hindus, or Buddhists). In South Korea the mean length of breastfeeding of women aged 25-34 and 35-44 are 17.5 and 20.5, and women using contraceptives are 26% for 25-34 and 20% for 35-44. South Korea also has the highest level of breastfeeding, highest incidence of ever use of contraceptives, and a very low level of fertility. Nepal and Bangladesh have a high level of breastfeeding but since their contraceptive incidence is low, their fertility level remains high. Some areas of further research include influence of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Fulltext Breast-feeding in Sarawak

Chan M

Br Med J, 1980 Feb 09;280(6211):401.
PMID: 7362987
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Breast feeding in Kelantan

Balakrishnan S, bin Haji Hussein H

Med J Malaysia, 1977 Sep;32(1):22-4.
PMID: 609338
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Bottle feeding and ideology in colonial Malaya: the production of change

Manderson L

Int J Health Serv, 1982;12(4):597-616.
PMID: 6754637 DOI: 10.2190/0A5U-GCC6-V4BU-28T5

Considerable attention has been paid to the correlation between high infant morbidity and mortality rates and the increased incidence of bottle feeding. The shift from prolonged breast feeding to a mixed regime or the exclusive use of sweetened condensed milk or infant formula has been related to the promotional activities of milk companies, and typically has been presented as a relatively recent development in Third World countries. However, the marketing of tinned and powdered milk only partially explains the increased use of these products. In colonial Malaya, condensed milk was marketed from the late 19th century. Infant formula was available from the turn of the century and was widely advertised, first in the English-language press and later also in the vernacular presses. At the same time, other social and cultural factors served to discourage breast feeding. There were changes in ideas regarding ideal body weight for both women and infants, and regarding infant care and diet; these ideas were presented in the mass media. In addition, maternal and child health clinics, established in the 1920s to reduce the high infant mortality rate, both propagated popular beliefs about infant weight and supplied milk and educated women to artificially feed their infants. Industry, the media, and health services all promoted, if not always intentionally, bottle feeding rather than breast feeding. Bottle feeding as an ideal, if not a reality, was thus well established before the intensive promotion of milk products by multinational corporations that followed the political independence of the colony.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena*
Fulltext Association of early life factors with dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study

Vard B, Adham A, Riahi R, Karimi G, Esmail Motlagh M, Heshmat R, et al.

Health Promot Perspect, 2020;10(4):349-358.
PMID: 33312930 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.53

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between prenatal/infancy factors and lipid profile in children and adolescents. Methods: This multicentric national study was conducted in 30 provinces in Iran. It comprised 4200 participants, aged 7-18 years, from the fifth survey of a national surveillance program. History regarding birth weight, as well as the type of consumed milk and food during infancy was obtained from parents. In addition to physical examinations, fasting blood samples were obtained to assess the lipid profile of these students. Results: Data from 3844 participants were available (91.5% participation rate), 52.4 % of students were boys. Mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3(3.2) years. Consuming cow milk in the first two years significantly increased the risk of high triglycerides (TG) (odds ratio [OR]:2.77, 95% CI: 1.32-5.85, P: 0.01), elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P<0.05) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P <0.05). Students who had consumed commercially made food as complementary feeding were 93% more likely to have high LDL (OR: 1.93, 95% CI=1.19-3.13, P: 0.01) and 90% more likely to have high TG than students who had consumed homemade food (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.15-3.12, P: 0.01). The aforementioned figures were not significantly associated with an elevated total cholesterol (TC) level. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the history of using human milk and home-made food as complementary feeding was associated with better lipid profile in childhood and early adolescence. Increasing public knowledge in this regard might be useful for encouragement of healthier life prevention of chronic diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Assessment of growth and feeding practices in children with cleft lip and palate

Gopinath VK, Muda WA

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2005 Jan;36(1):254-8.
PMID: 15906679

Feeding difficulties in cleft lip and palate (CLP) infants is commonly observed and is the most traumatic experience the family has to face. These infants are undernourished and have compromised growth. The purpose of this study was to 1) assess general health and growth parameters in children with CLP and in normal children; and 2) investigate the feeding methods of CLP infants and normal infants. A total of 221 children from birth to six years of both sexes, with CLP (60 children) and normal (161 children) were selected. The CLP and normal children were divided into three subgroups by age. The practice of feeding the infants in subgroup I was assessed using standard piloted questionnaires. The assessment of growth was done at baseline and at six months in all the subgroups.The general well being of the children was assessed by noting the number of common infections. Results showed that a significantly higher percentage of mothers with normal babies (p < 0.01) had a positive attitude towards breast feeding. When compared to normal children, CLP children were more susceptible to infections (p < 0.05) and measured significantly lower on the height growth curve(p < 0.05). Hence, height can be used to monitor growth in CLP children.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology
A survey of infant mortality rates in Sarawak

Goto S, Sado M, Yano K, Takeuchi M, Ichikawa Y

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Sep;5(3):424-9.
PMID: 4432100
Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
A survey among healthcare professionals from seven countries reported diverse nutritional practices of late preterm infants

Cheang HK, Yeung CY, Cheah I, Tjipta GD, Lubis BM, Garza-Bulnes R, et al.

Acta Paediatr, 2022 Jul;111(7):1362-1371.
PMID: 35340076 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16344

AIM: To gain insight into nutritional practices and expected growth outcomes of infants born between 34 and 36 gestational weeks defined as late preterm infants (LPT).
METHODS: An anonymous online survey among paediatricians and neonatologists from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan was conducted from March until October 2020. The questionnaire consisted of 40 questions on the nutritional management and expected growth outcomes of LPT in and after-hospital care.
RESULTS: Healthcare professionals from low to high Human Development (HDI) countries (n = 322) and very high HDI countries (n = 169) participated in the survey. Human milk was the preferred feeding, resulting in an adequate growth of LPT (weight, length and occipitofrontal circumference), according to a majority of respondents (low to high HDI, 179/265, 68% vs. very high HDI, 73/143, 51%; p = 0.002). The expected growth outcome was higher after-hospital discharge. Less than half of healthcare professionals started enteral feeding during the 1st hour of life. Lactation difficulties, limited access to human milk fortifiers and donor human milk, especially among low to high HDI countries, were reported as major hurdles.
CONCLUSION: Human milk is the first feeding choice for LPT. The diverse opinions on nutritional practices and expected growth outcomes among healthcare professionals indicate the necessity to develop general nutritional guidelines for LPT.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
A study of current infant feeding practices in rural North Malaysia as a basis for determining needs in nutrition education

Pathmanathan I

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Sep;6(3):402-6.
PMID: 1241162

In a study of infant feeding practices in 95 infants aged three months and six months in the rural, predominantly Malay district of Kubang Pasu, which is recently undergoing rapid economic development consequent on the introduction of improved agricultural techniques in rice farming, it was found that approximately 75% of infants in both age groups were wholly or partially breast fed, modified powered milk being the milk food of most of the others. Semisolids were introduced early in the form of commercial prepacked cereals. It is suggested that medical officers of health recognising local socioeconomic and cultural changes that might affect health behavior can initiate simple studies of this type to identify local needs in health education. In circumstances such as this where a still popular beneficial traditional practice like breast feeding might be at risk of losing popularity in the face of socioeconomic development in the community it is suggested that the most useful educational effort regarding infant nutrition would be to preserve breast feeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena*
Fulltext A randomised controlled trial of glutamine-enriched neonatal parenteral nutrition in Malaysia

Mohamad Ikram I, Quah BS, Noraida R, Djokomuljanto S, Faris Irfan CY, Van Rostenberghe H

Singapore Med J, 2011 May;52(5):356-60.
PMID: 21633770

The addition of glutamine to parenteral nutrition (PN) in neonates has not shown significant benefits as compared to adults thus far. This study aimed to determine the potential benefits of the addition of glutamine to neonatal PN in a tertiary hospital in a middle-income country.

Matched MeSH terms: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena