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Fulltext Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome

Chan PWK, DeBruyne JA, Goh AYT, Muridan R

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):520-2.
PMID: 11072474

Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome is a rare complication of respiratory tract infection occurring in early childhood. We report two children with chronic cough and recurrent wheezing who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for this disorder: 1) Unilateral loss of lung volume with hyperlucency on chest x-ray. 2) Unilateral reduction in vascularity on CT scan of the chest. 3) Unilateral loss of perfusion on Technetium 99c lung scan.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/radiography; Lung, Hyperlucent/diagnosis*; Lung, Hyperlucent/physiopathology; Lung, Hyperlucent/radiography
Dengue fever complicated by pulmonary haemorrhage manifesting as haemoptysis

Liam CK, Yap BH, Lam SK

J Trop Med Hyg, 1993 Jun;96(3):197-200.
PMID: 8505777

A 17-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with dengue fever. On the ninth day of fever she developed haemoptysis and chest X-ray changes consistent with haemorrhage in her lungs. Thrombocytopaenia and mild coagulopathy were the most likely cause of this unusual haemoptysis in this patient. Investigations excluded other causes for the haemoptysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/radiography; Lung Diseases/complications; Lung Diseases/etiology*; Lung Diseases/radiography
Patented therapeutic drug delivery strategies for targeting pulmonary diseases

Thakur AK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Mehta M, Satija S, Singh I

Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2020 May;30(5):375-387.
PMID: 32178542 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1741547

Introduction: Pulmonary route is one of the preferred routes for the administration of therapeutically active agents for systemic as well as localized delivery. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchial asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, and tuberculosis are the major chronic diseases associated with the pulmonary system. Knowledge about the affecting factors, namely, the etiology, pathophysiology, and the various barriers (mechanical, chemical, immunological, and behavioral) in pulmonary drug delivery is essential to develop an effective drug delivery system. Formulation strategies and mechanisms of particle deposition in the lungs also play an important role in designing a suitable delivery system.Areas covered: In the present paper, various drug delivery strategies, viz. nanoparticles, microparticles, liposomes, powders, and microemulsions have been discussed systematically, from a patent perspective.Expert opinion: Patent publications on formulation strategies have been instrumental in the evolution of new techniques and technologies for safe and effective treatment of pulmonary diseases. New delivery systems are required to be simple/reproducible/scalable/cost-effective scale for manufacturing ability and should be safe/effective/stable/controllable for meeting quality and regulatory compliance.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/metabolism*; Lung/physiopathology; Lung Diseases/drug therapy*; Lung Diseases/physiopathology
Dosimetric evaluation near lung and soft tissue interface region during respiratory-gated and non-gated radiotherapy: A moving phantom study

Jong WL, Ung NM, Vannyat A, Rosenfeld AB, Wong JHD

Phys Med, 2017 Oct;42:39-46.
PMID: 29173919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.08.011

Challenges in treating lung tumours are related to the respiratory-induced tumour motion and the accuracy of dose calculation in charged particle disequilibrium condition. The dosimetric characteristics near the interface of lung and Perspex media in a moving phantom during respiratory-gated and non-gated radiotherapy were investigated using Gafchromic EBT2 and the MOSkin detector. The MOSkin detectors showed good agreement with the EBT2 films during static and gated radiotherapy. In static radiotherapy, the penumbral widths were found to be 3.66mm and 7.22mm in Perspex and lung media, respectively. In non-gated (moving) radiotherapy with 40mm respiratory amplitude, dose smearing effect was observed and the penumbral widths were increased to 28.81mm and 26.40mm, respectively. This has been reduced to 6.85mm and 9.81mm, respectively, in gated radiotherapy with 25% gating window. There were still some dose discrepancies as compared to static radiotherapy due to the residual motion. This should be taken into account in the margin generation for the target tumour.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/physiopathology; Lung/radiation effects*; Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology; Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy
Aerosol-based delivery of fibroblast cells for treatment of lung diseases

Kardia E, Yusoff NM, Zakaria Z, Yahaya B

J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv, 2014 Feb;27(1):30-4.
PMID: 23409833 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2012.1020

Cell-based therapy has great potential to treat patients with lung diseases. The administration of cells into an injured lung is one method of repairing and replacing lost lung tissue. However, different types of delivery have been studied and compared, and none of the techniques resulted in engraftment of a high number of cells into the targeted organ. In this in vitro study, a novel method of cell delivery was introduced to investigate the possibility of delivering aerosolized skin-derived fibroblasts.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology; Lung/physiopathology*; Lung Diseases/pathology; Lung Diseases/physiopathology; Lung Diseases/therapy*
Fulltext Lung cancer staging now and in the future

Liam CK, Andarini S, Lee P, Ho JC, Chau NQ, Tscheikuna J

Respirology, 2015 May;20(4):526-34.
PMID: 25682805 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12489

For a long time lung cancer was associated with a fatalistic approach by healthcare professionals. In recent years, advances in imaging, improved diagnostic techniques and more effective treatment modalities are reasons for optimism. Accurate lung cancer staging is vitally important because treatment options and prognosis differ significantly by stage. The staging algorithm should include a contrast computed tomography (CT) of the chest and the upper abdomen including adrenals, positron emission tomography/CT for staging the mediastinum and to rule out extrathoracic metastasis in patients considered for surgical resection, endosonography-guided needle sampling procedure replacing mediastinoscopy for near complete mediastinal staging, and brain imaging as clinically indicated. Applicability of evidence-based guidelines for staging of lung cancer depends on the available expertise and level of resources and is directly impacted by financial issues. Considering the diversity of healthcare infrastructure and economic performance of Asian countries, optimal and cost-effective use of staging methods appropriate to the available resources is prudent. The pulmonologist plays a central role in the multidisciplinary approach to lung cancer diagnosis, staging and management. Regional respiratory societies such as the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology should work with national respiratory societies to strive for uniform standards of care. For developing countries, a minimum set of care standards should be formulated. Cost-effective delivery of optimal care for lung cancer patients, including staging within the various healthcare systems, should be encouraged and most importantly, tobacco control implementation should receive an absolute priority status in all countries in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis*; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Lung Neoplasms/pathology; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/diagnosis*; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/pathology
Histopathological effect of pterostilbene as chemoprevention in N-nitroso-tri-chloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) mouse model

Surien O, Ghazali AR, Masre SF

Histol Histopathol, 2020 Oct;35(10):1159-1170.
PMID: 32893871 DOI: 10.14670/HH-18-247

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. Chemoprevention of lung cancer has gained increasing popularity as an alternative to treatment in reducing the burden of lung cancer. Pterostilbene (PS) may be developed as a chemopreventive agent due to its pharmacological activities, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS on the development of lung SCC in the mouse model.
METHODS: A total of 24 seven-week-old female Balb/C mice were randomly categorised into four groups, including two control groups comprising the N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung SCC and vehicle control (VC) groups and two treatment groups comprising the 10mg/kg PS (PS10) and 50mg/kg PS (PS50) groups. All lung organs were harvested at week 26 for histopathological analysis.
RESULTS: All PS treatment groups showed chemopreventive activity by inhibiting the progression of lung SCC formation with PS10, resulting in mild hyperplasia, and PS50 was completely reversed in the normal bronchial epithelium layer compared with the VC group. PS treatment also reduced the expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in the bronchial epithelium layer. Both PS10 and PS50 significantly reduced the epithelium thickness compared to the NTCU group (p<0.05). PS is a potential chemopreventive agent against lung SCC growth by suppressing the progression of pre-malignant lesions and reducing the thickness of the bronchial epithelium.
CONCLUSIONS: The underlying molecular mechanisms of PS in lung SCC should be further studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/drug effects*; Lung/metabolism; Lung/pathology; Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced; Lung Neoplasms/metabolism; Lung Neoplasms/pathology; Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control*
Fulltext Guidelines in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A consensus statement of the Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia and Malaysian Thoracic Society

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Sep;54(3):387-401.
PMID: 11045071
Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases, Obstructive/drug therapy; Lung Diseases, Obstructive/rehabilitation; Lung Diseases, Obstructive/surgery; Lung Diseases, Obstructive/therapy*
Nuclear factor-kappa B and its role in inflammatory lung disease

Alharbi KS, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S, Rahman SB, Al-Malki WH, Javed Shaikh MA, et al.

Chem Biol Interact, 2021 Aug 25;345:109568.
PMID: 34181887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109568

Nuclear factor-kappa B, involved in inflammation, host immune response, cell adhesion, growth signals, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis defense, is a dimeric transcription factor. Inflammation is a key component of many common respiratory disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Many basic transcription factors are found in NF-κB signaling, which is a member of the Rel protein family. Five members of this family c-REL, NF-κB2 (p100/p52), RelA (p65), NF-κB1 (p105/p50), RelB, and RelA (p65) produce 5 transcriptionally active molecules. Proinflammatory cytokines, T lymphocyte, and B lymphocyte cell mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, bacteria, viral proteins, viruses, double-stranded RNA, oxidative stress, physical exertion, various chemotherapeutics are the stimulus responsible for NF-κB activation. NF-κB act as a principal component for several common respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD as well as infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19. Inflammatory lung disease, especially COVID-19, can make NF-κB a key target for drug production.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases/complications; Lung Diseases/drug therapy; Lung Diseases/immunology; Lung Diseases/metabolism*
Unilateral diffuse lung opacification in an asymptomatic woman

Khajotia RR, Raman S

Aust Fam Physician, 2017 Nov;46(11):845-846.
PMID: 29101921
Matched MeSH terms: Lung/abnormalities*; Lung Diseases/congenital*; Lung Diseases/diagnosis
Fulltext Screening for lung cancer in Malaysia: are we there yet?

Sachithanandan A, Badmanaban B

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Feb;67(1):3-6.
PMID: 22582540 MyJurnal
Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
Fulltext Recurrent lung cavities and endobronchial nodules in an adolescent male

Fauzi MA, Fadilah SA, Bahariah K

Med J Malaysia, 2007 Mar;62(1):66-7.
PMID: 17682575 MyJurnal

Multiple lung cavitations and endobronchial nodules are rare presentations of newly diagnosed and recurrent Hodgkin's disease. The clinical and radiological features can be confused with pulmonary tuberculosis, which can be difficult to exclude in endemic areas. However, the presence of endobronchial nodules point, towards Hodgkin's disease. Differential diagnosis is aided by the fact that these lesions usually respond promptly to specific therapy. We present a case of an adolescent male who had constitutional and pulmonary symptoms associated with pulmonary cavities and endobronchial nodules subsequently confirmed to be Hodgkin's disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/physiopathology*; Lung/radiography
Fulltext Interstitial lung disease in children--a report of four cases

Norzila MZ, Azizi BH, Deng CT, Zulfiqar A

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Dec;52(4):429-32.
PMID: 10968122

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is very rare in children. In the majority of cases the aetiology is unknown. Very little is known about the clinical course of this condition in children. Prognosis may be influenced by sex, age of onset of symptoms, radiographic features, presence of right ventricular hypertrophy and histopathology. We report our experience in managing four children with interstitial lung disease. All these children presented in early infancy with cough, respiratory distress, cyanosis and failure to thrive. Three of these children had finger clubbing and right ventricular hypertrophy. All patients received oral steroids. Chloroquine was added in two patients who showed no response. A trial of oral cyclophosphamide was started in one patient who failed with both drugs. One child is oxygen independent while another is on home oxygen therapy. The other two patients eventually died.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/drug therapy*
Dyspnoea in young adults due to pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from gastric carcinoma

Liam CK, Looi LM, Pailoor J, Alhady SF

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1989 Nov;18(6):713-6.
PMID: 2624423

Three cases of progressive dyspnoea in young female adults due to pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis are reported. The underlying primary neoplasm was gastric carcinoma in all 3 cases. The diagnosis was not suspected in 2 patients because of their young age.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/complications; Lung Neoplasms/secondary*
Fulltext Transfer factor in smokers and non-smokers after smoking two cigarettes

Rajikin MH, Etta KM

Med J Malaysia, 1989 Mar;44(1):23-9.
PMID: 2626109

Impairments of lung functionality as long-term effects of cigarette smoking have been well established. To our knowledge, no study on acute recovery patterns in any important lung function index after smoking a very limited number of cigarettes has ever been reported. The present study reports recovery patterns of lung transfer factor (TF) and related parameters in smokers and non-smokers who smoked two Camel cigarettes. Lung transfer factor and other indices were determined by the single breath-holding technique. From our results, the TF and related indices of healthy Malaysians are similar to previously published normals of comparable age. On smoking two cigarettes, male smokers began to recover from the 30th minute; male non-smokers had not begun recovery even by the 50th minute. Extrapolation of the recovery curves suggests that a "safer" interval between cigarettes for male smokers is about 114 minutes.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/physiology*; Lung Volume Measurements
Role of therapeutic agents on repolarisation of tumour-associated macrophage to halt lung cancer progression

Aldawsari HM, Gorain B, Alhakamy NA, Md S

J Drug Target, 2020 02;28(2):166-175.
PMID: 31339380 DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2019.1648478

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent as much as 50% of the solid mass in different types of human solid tumours including lung, breast, ovarian and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the polarisation of macrophages into the M1 phenotype, which is tumour-suppressive, or M2 phenotype, which is tumour promoting. Preclinical and clinical evidences suggest that TAMs are predominantly of the M2 phenotype that supports immune suppression, tumour growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Hence, significant attention has been focussed on the development of strategies for the modification of TAMs to halt lung cancer progression. The promotion of repolarisation from the M2 to the M1 subtype, or the prevention of M2 polarisation of TAMs in the stromal environment is potential approaches to reduce progression and metastasis of lung cancer. The focus of this article is an introduction to the development and evaluation of therapeutic agents that may halt lung cancer progression via the manipulation of macrophage polarisation. This article will address recent advances in the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicine exploiting surface functionalisation of nanoparticles and will also consider future perspectives.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Lung Neoplasms/pathology
Investigating how amine structure influences drug-amine ion-pair formation and uptake via the polyamine transporter in A549 lung cells

Mohamed Sofian Z, Harun N, Mahat MM, Nor Hashim NA, Jones SA

Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2021 Nov;168:53-61.
PMID: 34455038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.003

Transiently associating amines with therapeutic agents through the formation of ion-pairs has been established both in vitro and in vivo as an effective means to systemically direct drug delivery to the lung via the polyamine transport system (PTS). However, there remains a need to better understand the structural traits required for effective PTS uptake of drug ion-pairs. This study aimed to use a structurally related series of amine counterions to investigate how they influenced the stability of theophylline ion-pairs and their active uptake in A549 cells. Using ethylamine (mono-amine), ethylenediamine (di-amine), spermidine (tri-amine) and spermine (tetra-amine) as counterions the ion-pair affinity was shown to increase as the number of protonated amine groups in the counterion structure increased. The mono and diamines generated a single hydrogen bond and the weakest ion-pair affinities (pKFTIR: 1.32 ± 0.04 and 1.43 ± 0.02) whereas the polyamines produced two hydrogen bonds and thus the strongest ion-pair affinities (pKFTIR: 1.93 ± 0.05 and 1.96 ± 0.04). In A549 cells depleted of endogenous polyamines using α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), the spermine-theophylline uptake was significantly increased (p

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/cytology; Lung/metabolism*
Metacestode of Taenia hydatigena recorded in Malaysia

Chooi KF, Sani RA

Vet Rec, 1985 Jan 05;116(1):27.
PMID: 3984169
Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis; Lung Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary*
Single-cell RNA sequencing in human lung cancer: Applications, challenges, and pathway towards personalized therapy

Chong ZX, Ho WY, Yeap SK, Wang ML, Chien Y, Verusingam ND, et al.

J Chin Med Assoc, 2021 Jun 01;84(6):563-576.
PMID: 33883467 DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000535

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent human cancers, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely used to study human lung cancer at the cellular, genetic, and molecular level. Even though there are published reviews, which summarized the applications of scRNA-seq in human cancers like breast cancer, there is lack of a comprehensive review, which could effectively highlight the broad use of scRNA-seq in studying lung cancer. This review, therefore, was aimed to summarize the various applications of scRNA-seq in human lung cancer research based on the findings from different published in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The review would first briefly outline the concept and principle of scRNA-seq, followed by the discussion on the applications of scRNA-seq in studying human lung cancer. Finally, the challenges faced when using scRNA-seq to study human lung cancer would be discussed, and the potential applications and challenges of scRNA-seq to facilitate the development of personalized cancer therapy in the future would be explored.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy; Lung Neoplasms/genetics*
Fulltext Optimised genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine approach for automatic COVID-19 detection

Albadr MAA, Tiun S, Ayob M, Al-Dhief FT, Omar K, Hamzah FA

PLoS One, 2020;15(12):e0242899.
PMID: 33320858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242899

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) is an effective method for detecting lung illnesses, including COVID-19. However, the CT scan is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, this work focus on detecting COVID-19 using chest X-ray images because it is widely available, faster, and cheaper than CT scan. Many machine learning approaches such as Deep Learning, Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine; have used X-ray for detecting the COVID-19. Although the performance of those approaches is acceptable in terms of accuracy, however, they require high computational time and more memory space. Therefore, this work employs an Optimised Genetic Algorithm-Extreme Learning Machine (OGA-ELM) with three selection criteria (i.e., random, K-tournament, and roulette wheel) to detect COVID-19 using X-ray images. The most crucial strength factors of the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are: (i) high capability of the ELM in avoiding overfitting; (ii) its usability on binary and multi-type classifiers; and (iii) ELM could work as a kernel-based support vector machine with a structure of a neural network. These advantages make the ELM efficient in achieving an excellent learning performance. ELMs have successfully been applied in many domains, including medical domains such as breast cancer detection, pathological brain detection, and ductal carcinoma in situ detection, but not yet tested on detecting COVID-19. Hence, this work aims to identify the effectiveness of employing OGA-ELM in detecting COVID-19 using chest X-ray images. In order to reduce the dimensionality of a histogram oriented gradient features, we use principal component analysis. The performance of OGA-ELM is evaluated on a benchmark dataset containing 188 chest X-ray images with two classes: a healthy and a COVID-19 infected. The experimental result shows that the OGA-ELM achieves 100.00% accuracy with fast computation time. This demonstrates that OGA-ELM is an efficient method for COVID-19 detecting using chest X-ray images.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/physiopathology; Lung/virology

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