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Fulltext Incorporating an immunization course in the pharmacy curriculum: Malaysian experience

Al-lela OQ, Bahari MB, Elkalmi RM, Jawad Awadh AI

Am J Pharm Educ, 2012 Dec 12;76(10):206.
PMID: 23275671 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7610206
Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy/organization & administration*; Students, Pharmacy
Knowledge, attitude and practice of malaysian medical and pharmacy students towards human papillomavirus vaccination

Rashwan HH, Saat NZ, Abd Manan DN

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(5):2279-83.
PMID: 22901207

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and oncogenic HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer. However, HPV vaccination is already available as the primary preventive method against cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of HPV vaccination among Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaya (UM) students. This study was conducted from March until August 2009. Pre-tested and validated questionnaires were filled by the third year UKM (n=156) and UM (n=149) students from medical, dentistry and pharmacy faculties. The results showed that the overall level of knowledge on HPV infection, cervical cancer and its prevention among respondents was high and the majority of them had positive attitude towards HPV vaccination. Medical students had the highest level of knowledge (p<0.05). Very few students (3.6%) had already taken the vaccine with no significant difference between the two Universities (p=0.399). In conclusion, the knowledge and attitude of the respondents were high and positive, respectively. Only few students took HPV vaccination. Thus, more awareness campaigns and HPV vaccination services should be provided at universities' campuses with the price of the HPV vaccine reduced for the students.

Matched MeSH terms: Students, Pharmacy/statistics & numerical data*
Separation of prescribing and dispensing in Malaysia: a summary of arguments

Shafie AA, Hassali MA, Azhar S, See OG

Res Social Adm Pharm, 2012 May-Jun;8(3):258-62.
PMID: 21824823 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.06.002

The role of pharmacists has transformed significantly because of changes in pharmacists' training and population health demands. Within this context, community pharmacists are recognized as important health personnel for the provision of extended health services. Similarly, in Malaysia, the need to transform community pharmacy practice has been discussed by all interested parties; however, the transition has been slow due in part to the nonexistence of a dispensing separation policy between pharmacists and medical doctors in private community practices. For decades, medical doctors in private community practices have had the right to prescribe and dispense, thus diluting the role of community pharmacists because of overlapping roles. This article explores dispensing separation in Malaysia and, by taking into account the needs of health professionals and health care consumers, suggests a mechanism for how dispensing separation practice can be implemented.

Matched MeSH terms: Community Pharmacy Services/organization & administration*
Knowledge, perception, practice and barriers of breast cancer health promotion activities among community pharmacists in two Districts of Selangor state, Malaysia

Beshir SA, Hanipah MA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(9):4427-30.
PMID: 23167355

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women in Malaysia. Despite the campaigns undertaken to raise the awareness of the public regarding breast cancer, breast cancer screening rates are still low in the country. The community pharmacist, as one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners, could play a role in the provision of breast cancer health promotion services to the community. However, there are no documented data regarding the community pharmacists' involvement in breast cancer related health promotion activities. Hence, this study was conducted to examine self-reported knowledge, practice and perception of community pharmacists on provision of breast cancer health promotion services and to investigate the barriers that limit their involvement. This cross-sectional survey conducted between May to September 2010, included a sample of 35 community pharmacists working in the districts of Hulu Langat and Sepang in state of Selangor. A 22-item validated questionnaire that included both closed and Lickert scale questions was used to interview those pharmacists who gave their informed consent to participate in the study. The data was analysed using SPSS. Only 11.3% of the community pharmacists answered all the questions on the knowledge section correctly. The mean overall knowledge of the community pharmacists on risk factors of breast cancer and screening recommendations is 56%. None of the respondents was currently involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Lack of time (80%), lack of breast cancer educational materials (77.1%) and lack of training (62.9%) were the top three mentioned barriers. Despite these barriers, 94.3% (33) of the community pharmacists agreed that they should be involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Hence, there is need to equip community pharmacists with necessary training and knowledge to enable them to contribute their share towards prevention and screening of breast cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Community Pharmacy Services
Fulltext Growing professionalism in pharmacy students

Yeoh, Peng-Nam

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(10):0-0.
MyJurnal

IMU is one of 17 institutions of higher learning conducting the Bachelor of Pharmacy course
in Malaysia. The White paper on pharmacy student professionalism by the Task Force of the American Pharmaceutical Association Academy of Students of Pharmacy together with the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Council of Deans mentioned10 essential traits of a professional, recommending their early development. Since the beginning of theIMU Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) (Hons) course in July 2004 on Registration Day, IMU has adopted the concept of developing professionalism in the pharmacy student from the very first day of university, by having the White Coat Ceremony where the entire class takes the Pledge of Professionalism (adapted from the Task Force) against the “Code of Conduct for Pharmacists and Bodies Corporate” by the Pharmacy Board of Malaysia in the presence of the Senior Director of the Pharmaceutical Services Division of the Ministry of
Health, Malaysia and the President of the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (MPS). Throughout their 4 years in IMU, the pharmacy students are exposed to various aspects of professionalism in different subjects in their curriculum. On 23rd April 2012, when the fifth cohort of BPharm students received their final examination results, “Pharmacy Professional Day” was launched. The graduating students took the Oath of a Pharmacist (adapted from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s Oath with slight amendment). Talks by alumni and speakers from MPS aimed to facilitate the transition of the new graduate to working life as a pharmacist.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmacy; Schools, Pharmacy; Students, Pharmacy
Fulltext Assessment of students’ perceptions towards e-learning management system (e-lms) in a Malaysian pharmacy school: a descriptive study

Mohamed Azmi H., Zeehan S.I., Fahad S., Maryam F., Hisham A.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2012;12(1):14-20.
MyJurnal

The study aims to evaluate students’ perceptions towards e-Learning Management System (e-LMS) in pharmacy education. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among all undergraduates enrolled at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. A pre-validated questionnaire consisting of two domains (demographic characteristics and students’ perception regarding the use of e-LMS) was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the study respondents. Chi Square test was used to measure association between the study variables. All analysis was performed by using Predictive Analytical Software (PASW) v. 18. A total of 315 students completed the survey questionnaire with a response rate of 57.6%. Majority of the students (61.0%) accessed e-LMS to acquire lecture notes for their studies, followed by 53.3% have used e-LMS for the preparation of the assignments. Seventy eight percent of the respondents agreed that e-LMS is very useful and felt that e-LMS is making their studies easier. However, 50% of students claimed that poor network connection at the campus is a major barrier in accessing e-LMS. Moreover, 48% of the respondents disagreed that e-LMS should be taken into account as an assessment criterion for students’ grading. Students are found to be frequently engaged in using e-LMS and believed that online based learning is
enhancing their academic performances. Nevertheless, students still prefer hybrid teaching methodologies than choosing traditional system or e-learning as an alone entity.

Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy
Fulltext Exploring the halal status of cardiovascular, endocrine, and respiratory group of medications

Sarriff A, Abdul Razzaq HA

Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Jan;20(1):69-75.
PMID: 23785257 MyJurnal

Muslim consumers have special needs in medical treatment that differ from non-Muslim consumers. In particular, there is a growing demand among Muslim consumers for Halal medications. This descriptive exploratory study aims to determine the Halal status of selected cardiovascular, endocrine, and respiratory medications stored in an out-patient pharmacy in a Malaysian governmental hospital. Sources of active ingredients and excipients for each product were assessed for Halal status based on available information obtained from product leaflets, the Medical Information Management System (MIMS) website, or manufacturers. Halal status was based on the products' sources and categorized into Halal, Mushbooh, or Haram. The proportions of Halal, Mushbooh, and Haram products were at 19.1%, 57.1%, and 23.8%, respectively. The percentage of active ingredients for cardiovascular/endocrine products that were assessed as Haram was 5.3%; for respiratory medications, it was only 1.1%. For excipients, 1.7% and 4.8% fall under the category of Haram for cardiovascular/endocrine products and respiratory products, respectively. Ethanol and magnesium stearate were found to be the common substances that were categorized as Haram and Mushbooh.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmacy
Utilisation of community pharmacists by the general public in Malaysia

Chua SS, Lim KP, Lee HG

Int J Pharm Pract, 2013 Feb;21(1):66-9.
PMID: 23301536 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00219.x

The study was conducted to assess how the general public in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, utilised community pharmacists.

Matched MeSH terms: Community Pharmacy Services/utilization*
Fulltext Isolation and identification of bacterial endophytes from pharmaceutical agarwood-producing Aquilaria species

Bhore SJ, Preveena J, Kandasamy KI

Pharmacognosy Res, 2013 Apr;5(2):134-7.
PMID: 23798890 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.110545

Resins and gums are used in traditional medicine and do have potential applications in pharmacy and medicine. Agarwood is the fragrant resinous wood, which is an important commodity from Aquilaria species and has been used as a sedative, analgesic, and digestive in traditional medicine. Endophytic bacteria are potentially important in producing pharmaceutical compounds found in the plants. Hence, it was important to understand which types of endophytic bacteria are associated with pharmaceutical agarwood-producing Aquilaria species.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmacy
Cost-Effectiveness of Clinical Pharmacy Education on Infection Management among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in an Indonesian Hospital

Nasution A, Syed Sulaiman SA, Shafie AA

Value Health Reg Issues, 2013 May;2(1):43-47.
PMID: 29702851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2013.02.009

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the clinical and economic impacts of clinical pharmacy education (CPE) on infection management among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 4 and 5 in Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Indonesia.
METHODS: A quasi-experimental economic evaluation comparing CPE impact on 6-month CKD mortality was conducted on the basis of payer perspective. The experimental group (n = 63) received care by health care providers who were given CPE on drug-related problems and dose adjustment. The control group (n = 80) was based on the historical cohort of patients who received care before the CPE. Measure of clinical outcome applied in this study was number of lives saved/100 patients treated. Cost-effectiveness ratios for CKD stages 4 and 5 patients without CPE and with CPE and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for CKD stages 4 and 5 patients were analyzed.
RESULTS: Lives saved (%) in the treatment of CKD without CPE: CKD stage 4, 78.57; CKD stage 5, 57.58. Lives saved (%) in the treatment of CKD with CPE: CKD stage 4, 88.89; CKD stage 5, 65.45. Cost-effectiveness ratios for stage 4 with and without CPEs were Rp3,348,733.27 and Rp3,519,931.009, respectively. Cost-effectiveness ratios for stage 5 with and without CPEs were Rp7,137,874.93 and Rp7,871,822.27, respectively. ICERs were Rp2,045,341.22 for CKD stage 4 and Rp1,767,585.60 for CKD stage 5.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of CKD stages 4 and 5 with CPE was more effective and cost-effective compared with treatment of CKD stages 4 and 5 without CPE. The ICERs indicated that extra costs were required to increase life saved in both stages.

Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy
Fulltext New pharmacovigilance course at the International Islamic University Malaysia-IIUM

Al-lela OQ, Elkalmi RM, Jamshed SQ

Am J Pharm Educ, 2013 Jun 12;77(5):106.
PMID: 23788817 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe775106
Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy/methods*
Fulltext A need to rethink and mold consensus regarding pharmacy education in developing countries

Hassali MA, Ahmadi K, Yong GC

Am J Pharm Educ, 2013 Aug 12;77(6):112.
PMID: 23966715 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe776112
Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy/standards*; Students, Pharmacy*
Fulltext Academic performance and personal experience of local, international, and collaborative exchange students enrolled in an Australian pharmacy program

Davey AK, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S

Am J Pharm Educ, 2013 Sep 12;77(7):148.
PMID: 24052651 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe777148

To assess the academic performance and experiences of local, international, and collaborative exchange students enrolled in a 4-year Australian bachelor of pharmacy degree program.

Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy*; Schools, Pharmacy; Students, Pharmacy*
Fulltext A study assessing the impact of different teaching modalities for pharmacy students in a Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) course

Khan TM, Hassali MA, Rasool ST

Saudi Pharm J, 2013 Oct;21(4):375-8.
PMID: 24227957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.11.002

The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of different teaching methods adopted for the practical session of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). CPR training is one of the compulsory modules of the Public Health Pharmacy (PHP) course at Universiti Sains Malaysia. CPR training comprises of 10% of total marks of the PHP course. To test the effectiveness of the different teaching strategies, three groups were defined using a two-stage cohort distribution-i.e. based on grade point average (GPA) and different teaching modalities. Group One was instructed using images and PowerPoint lecture slides. Group Two was instructed using videos and PowerPoint lecture slides. Group Three was instructed using PowerPoint slides with white boards and videos. Students in Group Three were not provided with a hard/soft copy of the PowerPoint slides and were encouraged to write down all the information on their personal notebooks. A 20-item questionnaire was used to assess the students' understanding toward the CPR session. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science Students, SPSS version 13®. Based on the response attained, the comparison of the final score among the groups was undertaken using one way ANOVA. Twenty-seven students have participated in this study. Final evaluation using the questionnaire revealed that student's in Group Three had a better understanding of CPR (18.1 ± 1.5, p <0.001) than the other two. Students' note taking during the lecture and use of traditional chalkboard teaching were found significant to improve the students' understanding and learning in the CPR session.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmacy
Improving safety-related knowledge, attitude and practices of nurses handling cytotoxic anticancer drug: pharmacists' experience in a general hospital, Malaysia

Keat CH, Sooaid NS, Yun CY, Sriraman M

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(1):69-73.
PMID: 23534806

BACKGROUND: An increasing trend of cytotoxic drug use, mainly in cancer treatment, has increased the occupational exposure among the nurses. This study aimed to assess the change of nurses' safety-related knowledge as well as attitude levels and subsequently to assess the change of cytotoxic drug handling practices in wards after a series of pharmacist-based interventions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective interventional study with a before and after design requested a single group of 96 nurses in 15 wards actively providing chemotherapy to answer a self-administered questionnaire. A performance checklist was then used to determine the compliance of all these wards with the recommended safety measures. The first and second assessments took 2 months respectively with a 9-month intervention period. Pharmacist-based interventions included a series of technical, educational and administrative support measures consisting of the initiation of closed-system cytotoxic drug reconstitution (CDR) services, courses, training workshops and guideline updates.
RESULTS: The mean age of nurses was 32.2∓6.19 years. Most of them were female (93.8%) and married (72.9%). The mean knowledge score of nurses was significantly increased from 45.5∓10.52 to 73.4∓8.88 out of 100 (p<0.001) at the end of the second assessment. Overall, the mean practice score among the wards was improved from 7.6∓5.51 to 15.3∓2.55 out of 20 (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacist-based interventions improved the knowledge, attitude and safe practices of nurses in cytotoxic drug handling. Further assessment may help to confirm the sustainability of the improved practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmacy Service, Hospital
Fulltext An assessment of pharmacy students’ empathy levels in Malaysia

Hasan SS, Babar MG, Kai K, Mitha S

Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 2013;3:531-40.

This study examined the validity and reliability of the student version of Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession (JSE-HPS) in a sample of pharmacy students and to subsequently use JSE-HPS to assess empathy levels in first to fourth (final) year pharmacy students in public and private universities in Malaysia. The JSE-HPS was administered to 719 first to fourth (final) year pharmacy students; 313 were enrolled at a public university and 406 at a private university in Malaysia. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS® version 18. The JSE-HPS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.70). A three-factor solution emerged and included ‘perspective taking’, ‘compassionate care’ and ‘standing in patient’s shoes’ factors, accounting for 16.4%, 16%, and 7.6% of the variance, respectively. The total mean empathy score was 83.02±8.23, the actual score ranged between 46.05 and 113.25. Overall, males and students of Malay origin were more empathic than females and students of other ethnic origins. Junior students (year one and two) were more empathic than senior students (year three and four), and public university students had significantly higher mean empathy score compared to those enrolled at a private university (83.89 versus 82.34, p=0.012). This study confirms the construct validity and internal consistency of the JSE-HPS for measuring empathy in pharmacy students. Empathy scores among students vary depending on type of university and year of study.
Keywords: Empathy, pharmacy students, public, private, university, Malaysia
Study site: University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), International Medical University (IMU), Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Students, Pharmacy
Fulltext Comprehensive Healthcare module: medical and pharmacy students' shared learning experiences

Tan CE, Jaffar A, Tong SF, Hamzah MS, Mohamad N

Med Educ Online, 2014 Jan;19(1):25605.
PMID: 28440130 DOI: 10.3402/meo.v19.25605

Introduction The Comprehensive Healthcare (CHC) module was developed to introduce pre-clinical medical and pharmacy students to the concept of comprehensive healthcare. This study aims to explore their shared learning experiences within this module. Methodology During this module, medical and pharmacy students conducted visits to patients' homes and to related community-based organisations in small groups. They were required to write a reflective journal on their experiences regarding working with other professions as part of their module assessment. Highly scored reflective journals written by students from the 2011/2012 academic session were selected for analysis. Their shared learning experiences were identified via thematic analysis. We also analysed students' feedback regarding the module. Results Analysis of 25 selected reflective journals revealed several important themes: 'Understanding of impact of illness and its relation to holistic care', 'Awareness of the role of various healthcare professions' and 'Generic or soft skills for inter-professional collaboration'. Although the primary objective of the module was to expose students to comprehensive healthcare, the students learnt skills required for future collaborative practice from their experiences. Discussion The CHC module provided early clinical exposure to community-based health issues and incorporated some elements of inter-professional education. The students learnt about the roles of other healthcare professions and acquired soft skills required for future collaborative practice during this module.

Matched MeSH terms: Students, Pharmacy
Fulltext A qualitative study exploring public perceptions on the role of community pharmacists in Dubai

Rayes IK, Hassali MA, Abduelkarem AR

Pharm Pract (Granada), 2014 Jan;12(1):363.
PMID: 24644519

BACKGROUND: The role of community pharmacists is very important due to their access to primary care patients and expertise. For this reason, the interaction level between pharmacists and patients should be optimized to ensure enhanced delivery of pharmacy services.
OBJECTIVE: To gauge perceptions and expectations of the public on the role of community pharmacists in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).
METHODS: Twenty five individuals were invited to participate in 4 separate focus group discussions. Individuals came from different racial groups and socio-economic backgrounds. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Using thematic analysis, two reviewers coded all transcripts to identify emerging themes. Appropriate measures were taken to ensure study rigor and validity.
RESULTS: All facilitators and barriers that were identified were grouped into 5 distinct themes. The pharmacist as a healthcare professional in the public mind was the most prominent theme that was discussed in all 4 focus groups. Other themes identified were, in decreasing order of prevalence, psychological perceptions towards pharmacists, important determinants of a pharmacist, the pharmacy as a unique healthcare provider, and control over pharmacies by health authorities.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provided insight into the way that the public looks at the role of community pharmacists in Dubai. Determinants that influence their perception are the media, health authorities, pharmacist's knowledge level, attire, nationality, age, and pharmacy location.
KEYWORDS: Community Pharmacy Services; Consumer Satisfaction; Focus Groups; Pharmacies; Professional Practice; United Arab Emirates

Matched MeSH terms: Community Pharmacy Services
Reflective writing in pharmacy practice

Jamshed SQ, Shamsudin SH

Int J Pharm Pract, 2014 Feb;22(1):101-2.
PMID: 24404933 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12036
Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy/methods*
Fulltext The need to cover generic medications and generic substitution practice in the curricula of pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia

Alrasheedy AA, Hassali MA, Aljadhey H, Al-Tamimi SK

Am J Pharm Educ, 2014 Jun 17;78(5):108.
PMID: 24954948 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe785108
Matched MeSH terms: Education, Pharmacy/methods*; Schools, Pharmacy*

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