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A PCR-based sex determination method for possible application in caprine gender selection by simultaneous amplification of the Sry and Aml-X genes

Phua AC, Abdullah RB, Mohamed Z

J. Reprod. Dev., 2003 Aug;49(4):307-11.
PMID: 14967923

Sex determination of livestock is performed to achieve the objectives of livestock breeding programmes. Techniques for sex determination have evolved from karyotyping to detecting Y-specific antigens and recently to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which appears to be the most sensitive, accurate, rapid and reliable method to date. In this study, a PCR-based sex determination method for potential application in goat breeding programmes was developed. Primers were designed to amplify a portion of the X amelogenin gene (Aml-X) on the X chromosome to give a 300 bp product and Sry gene on the Y chromosome to give a 116 bp product. PCR optimization was performed using DNA template extracted from a whole blood sample of Jermasia goats (German Fawn x Katjang) of both sexes. It was possible to identify the sex chromosomes by amplifying both male- and female-specific genes simultaneously in a duplex reaction with males yielding two bands and females yielding one band. The Aml-X primer set, which served as an internal control primer, did not interfere with amplification of the Y-specific sequence even when a low amount of DNA (1 ng) was used. The duplex reaction subjected to a blind test showed 100% (14/14) concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability. The primer sets used were found to be highly specific and were suitable for gender selection of goats.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Determination Analysis/methods*; Sex Preselection/methods; Sex Preselection/veterinary*; Sex Ratio
Validity and Reliability Analysis of the 'SayangKU' (MyLove) in Intervention for Addressing Adolescents Involved in Free Sex

Ghani FA, Latif AA, Aziz AA, Khan A

J Relig Health, 2015 Aug;54(4):1375-86.
PMID: 25189148 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9935-y

A module entitled 'SayangKU' (MyLove), based on the Islamic perspective, was developed as an instrument to assist adolescents that involved in premarital sexual activity. The module comprises four phases: Love of God (Allah), Love of the Prophet, Love of Oneself, and Love of the Ummah (world). From analysis of Rasch, the value of item reliability was .80 and an individual reliability was .95. Dimensionality value was more than 40 % variance explained by measures, and level of agreement among experts was 86.88 %. The posttest shows the better result from pretest and proves the effectiveness of the module.

Matched MeSH terms: Religion and Sex*
Fulltext Family planning and contraception in Islamic countries: a critical review of the literature

Shaikh BT, Azmat SK, Mazhar A

J Pak Med Assoc, 2013 Apr;63(4 Suppl 3):S67-72.
PMID: 24386733

The population of the world reached seven billion in 2012. Pakistan's population stands at more than 180 million, is growing rapidly, and has the highest unmet need for family planning (FP) in isolated rural areas. The low usage of contraception in the rural areas of Pakistan correlates with the level of isolation, poverty, illiteracy, and to a large extent, religious misinterpretations/misconceptions. Almost 25% of couples who desired FP services were not receiving them for a variety of reasons of which religion could be one, especially in the rural remote areas where the media is still not reaching and influencing mind-sets. In this scenario, the role of social marketing in bringing about attitudinal and behavioural change among users in underserved areas and gatekeepers and opinion makers in society must not be neglected. The work in promoting FP, contraception and birth spacing requires authentic evidence from similar sociocultural contexts and this endeavour of compiling case studies from various Islamic countries on their FP initiatives is a good step. Governments around the world, including many in the Islamic world, support FP programmes to enable individuals and couples to choose the number and timing of their children.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Education/methods*
Fulltext The sex determination gene shows no founder effect in the giant honey bee, Apis dorsata

Liu ZY, Wang ZL, Yan WY, Wu XB, Zeng ZJ, Huang ZY

PLoS One, 2012;7(4):e34436.
PMID: 22511940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034436

All honey bee species (Apis spp) share the same sex determination mechanism using the complementary sex determination (csd) gene. Only individuals heterogeneous at the csd allele develop into females, and the homozygous develop into diploid males, which do not survive. The honeybees are therefore under selection pressure to generate new csd alleles. Previous studies have shown that the csd gene is under balancing selection. We hypothesize that due to the long separation from the mainland of Hainan Island, China, that the giant honey bees (Apis dorsata) should show a founder effect for the csd gene, with many different alleles clustered together, and these would be absent on the mainland.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Determination Processes*
Chronic pain, impact of pain and pain severity with physical disability in older people--is there a gender difference?

Hairi NN, Cumming RG, Blyth FM, Naganathan V

Maturitas, 2013 Jan;74(1):68-73.
PMID: 23103063 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.10.001

To establish if there is any gender difference in associations between chronic pain, impact of pain and pain severity with physical disability.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors*
Sex differences from fingerprint ridge density in Chinese and Malaysian population

Nayak VC, Rastogi P, Kanchan T, Yoganarasimha K, Kumar GP, Menezes RG

Forensic Sci Int, 2010 Apr 15;197(1-3):67-9.
PMID: 20071110 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.055

The fingerprints are very typical for a human being. The present study was undertaken to study the gender differences in fingerprint ridge density in Chinese and Malaysian population. The study done on 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) of Chinese origin and 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) of Malaysian origin revealed that significant gender differences occur in the finger ridge density. Fingerprint mean ridge density of 12 ridges/25 mm(2) or less is found to be more likely to be of males and a mean ridge count of more the 13 ridges/25 mm(2) is more likely of female origin in Chinese subjects. Fingerprint mean ridge density of 11 ridges/25 mm(2) or less is found to be more likely to be of males and a mean ridge count of more the 13 ridges/25 mm(2) is more likely of female origin in Malaysian subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics*
Activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in cacao fields

Zhang A, Kuang LF, Maisin N, Karumuru B, Hall DR, Virdiana I, et al.

Environ Entomol, 2008 Jun;37(3):719-24.
PMID: 18559177

The previously identified female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, was re-evaluated for its attractive activity in different field conditions. It was found that lures containing 100-mug of synthetic sex pheromone blend, (E,Z,Z)- and (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetates, and the corresponding alcohols in a ratio of 40:60:4:6 in a polyethylene vial attracted male C. cramerella moths in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia and in Sumatra and Sulawesi, Indonesia, suggesting that the same pheromone strain existed in a wide stretch of the Indo-Malayan archipelago. Of the three kinds of trap designs tested, the Delta traps were more effective than Pherocon V scale traps. Male captures were not significantly different among traps baited with 100-, 300-, or 1,000-mug doses of sex pheromone. A release rate study of pheromone formulation conducted in the laboratory showed that volatile active ingredients were desorbed from polyethylene vials following first-order kinetics, which indicates a satisfactory "half-life time" of a 100-mug loading is approximately 6 wk under laboratory conditions. A satisfactory attractiveness of the lure with a 100-mug loading was approximately 1-2 mo in the fields.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Attractants/physiology*
Fulltext Solitary vascular malformation of the clitoris

Haritharan T, Islah M, Zulfiqar A, Thambi Dorai CR

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Jun;61(2):258-9.
PMID: 16898327 MyJurnal

Isolated involvement of the clitoris by vascular malformation (VM) is very rare. Clinically, the lesion simulates female pseudohermaphroditism. A five-year-old girl presented with clitoromegaly and a clinical diagnosis of solitary VM of the clitoris was made. Magnetic resonance imaging showed characteristic features and confirmed the diagnosis and the extent of the VM. This is the first reported case of isolated involvement of the clitoris by VM to be diagnosed preoperatively.

Matched MeSH terms: Disorders of Sex Development/diagnosis
Fulltext Gender differences in the clinical and serological features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Malaysian patients

Azizah MR, Ainol SS, Kong NCT, Normaznah Y, Rahim MN

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Sep;56(3):302-7.
PMID: 11732074

An analysis of the clinical and serological features of 12 male and 122 female patients with SLE was done to determine whether sex related differences exist. We found a lower incidence of mucocutaneous symptoms and arthritis but an increased incidence of discoid lesions, pleuritis and pericarditis in males at disease onset. During the disease course, there was a lower incidence of arthritis, a similar prevalence of mucocutaneous symptoms but an increased incidence of pleuritis in males with a trend towards renal involvement. These findings were however not statistically significant except for the higher incidence of thrombosis among males. Serologically, both groups showed similar frequencies of autoantibodies and hypocomplementaemia. Although the study was small, it was shown that several sex-related differences in the clinical and serological features exist in Malaysian SLE patients.
Study site: SLE Clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics*
A female Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, with X0 sex chromosome constitution

Yong HS, Dhaliwal SS, Teh KL

Naturwissenschaften, 1989 Aug;76(8):387-8.
PMID: 2779669
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Chromosomes*
Gonadal microRNA Expression Profiles and Their Potential Role in Sex Differentiation and Gonadal Maturation of Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain

Waiho K, Fazhan H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zheng H, et al.

Mar Biotechnol (NY), 2019 Jun;21(3):320-334.
PMID: 30835008 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09882-1

Although the sexual dimorphism in terms of gonadal development and gametogenesis of mud crab has been described, the internal regulating mechanism and sex differentiation process remain unclear. A comparative gonadal miRNA transcriptomic study was conducted to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed between testes and ovaries, and potentially uncover miRNAs that might be involved in sex differentiation and gonadal maturation mechanisms of mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). A total of 10 known miRNAs and 130 novel miRNAs were identified, among which 54 were differentially expressed. Target gene prediction revealed a significant enrichment in 30 KEGG pathways, including some reproduction-related pathways, e.g. phosphatidylinositol signalling system and inositol phosphate metabolism pathways. Further analysis on six differentially expressed known miRNAs, six differentially expressed novel miRNAs and their reproduction-related putative target genes shows that both miRNAs and putative target genes showed stage-specific expression during gonadal maturation, suggesting their potential regulatory roles in sex differentiation and reproductive development. This study reveals the sex-biased miRNA profile and establishes a solid foundation for understanding the sex differentiation and gonadal maturation mechanisms of S. paramamosain.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics; Sex Differentiation
Fulltext Involvement of the Antennal and Maxillary Palp Structures in Detection and Response to Methyl Eugenol by Male Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Chieng AC, Hee AK, Wee SL

J Insect Sci, 2018 Sep 01;18(5).
PMID: 30351432 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey104

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Handel) is one of the most destructive pests of fruits. The discovery of methyl eugenol (ME) as a potent male attractant for this species has led to its successful use in area-wide fruit fly control programs such as male annihilation. While the antenna is recognized as primarily responsible for male flies' detection of attractants such as ME, little is known of the involvement of the maxillary palp. Using behavioral assays involving males with intact and ablated antennae and maxillary palp structures, we seek to ascertain the relative involvement of the maxillary palp in the ability of the male fly to detect ME. In cage bioassays (distance of ≤40 cm from the source), >97% of unmodified males will normally show a response to ME. Here, we showed that 17.6% of males with their antennae ablated were still attracted to ME versus 75.0% of males with their palps ablated. However, none of the antennae-ablated males were able to detect ME over a distance of >100 cm. Furthermore, wind tunnel bioassays showed that maxillary palp-ablated males took a significantly longer time compared to unablated males to successfully detect and eventually feed on ME. These results suggest that although the antennae are necessary for detection of ME over longer distances, at shorter distances, both antennae and maxillary palps are also involved in detecting ME. Hence, those palps may play a larger role than previously recognized in maneuvering males toward lure sources over shorter ranges.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Attractants/metabolism*
Xga blood group in Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore

Saha N, Banerjee B

Vox Sang, 1973;24(6):542-4.
PMID: 4722836
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Chromosomes*
Fulltext Sex and species specific isotopic niche specialisation increases with trophic complexity: evidence from an ephemeral pond ecosystem

Dalu T, Wasserman RJ, Vink TJ, Weyl OL

Sci Rep, 2017 02 24;7:43229.
PMID: 28233858 DOI: 10.1038/srep43229

It is generally accepted that organisms that naturally exploit an ecosystem facilitate coexistence, at least partially, through resource partitioning. Resource availability is, however, highly variable in space and time and as such the extent of resource partitioning must be somewhat dependent on availability. Here we test aspects of resource partitioning at the inter- and intra-specific level, in relation to resource availability in an atypical aquatic environment using an isotope approach. Using closely related key organisms from an ephemeral pond, we test for differences in isotopic signatures between two species of copepod and between sexes within each species, in relation to heterogeneity of basal food resources over the course of the ponds hydroperiod. We show that basal food resource heterogeneity increases over time initially, and then decreases towards the end of the hydroperiod, reflective of the expected evolution of trophic complexity for these systems. Resource partitioning also varied between species and sexes, over the hydroperiod with intra- and inter-specific specialisation relating to resource availability. Intra-specific specialisation was particularly evident in the omnivorous copepod species. Our findings imply that trophic specialisation at both the intra- and inter-specific level is partly driven by basal food resource availability.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics*
Fulltext Mak nyahs in Malaysia: does HIV/AIDS knowledge really reduce HIV-related risk behaviours?

Maliya S., Zul A.R., Irwan, M.S., Irwan M.S., Samsul D., Zakiah M.S., et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(3):29-38.
MyJurnal

Introduction. Male-to-female transgender individuals are known as mak nyahs in Malaysia. Akin to many other countries, mak nyahs face discriminations in securing proper employment, thus many end up in sex trade, exposing them to HIV-related high risk behaviours. This paper aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and risk behaviours in HIV/AIDS among mak nyahs in Malaysia. Method. Validated questionnaires in local language were used. Knowledge, attitude, and HIV-related risk behaviours were measured. With respondent-driven sampling method, 54 subjects participated in the survey. IBM SPSS was used for data analysis. Results. Majority of the subjects reported to have HIV-related sexual risk, although only a quarter were sex workers. Misconceptions still remained among the subjects. Inconsistent condom use was common. Adequate knowledge did result in better attitude towards HIV/AIDS. However, multiple regression analysis showed that subjects with higher knowledge in HIV/AIDS tend to have higher sexual risks (β = 0.320, p = 0.030). Conclusion. Educating the transgender community about HIV/AIDS does not seem to adequately reduce the HIV-related sexual risks. Other approaches, i.e. socio-cultural values and religious practices may be effective to instil higher levels of awareness and self-responsibility in this community to eliminate HIVrelated high risk behaviours.

Matched MeSH terms: Safe Sex; Sex Workers
Developmental stages and caste composition of a mature and incipient colony of the drywood termite, Cryptotermes dudleyi (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)

Neoh KB, Lee CY

J Econ Entomol, 2011 Apr;104(2):622-8.
PMID: 21510214

The caste composition and sex ratio in a mature and an incipient colony of Cryptotermes dudleyi Banks (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) was studied. Biometric descriptors of both immature and sexual castes were developed. Morphometric analysis revealed that there are four larval instars, a pseudergate, and three nymphal instars in the development of C. dudleyi. To differentiate between the fourth larval instars and the pseudergate, pronotal width and tibial length must be taken into account, because the head width overlaps between the two groups. The number of antennal segments increases in parallel with instar development. The mature colony was headed by a pair of physogastric nymphoid neotenics; the colony also contained multiple pairs of nonphysogastric de-alates and wing-torn alates. The majority of eggs and larvae were confined to galleries that connected to locations where nymphoid neotenics were found, whereas in general only pseudergates and nymphs were found together with de-alates and wing-torn alates. In contrast, the incipient colony contained only a pair of primary reproductives. Nymphs formed a major group in both mature and incipient colonies, as did pseudergates. The sex ratio of the mature colony was slightly but significantly biased in favor of females, whereas it was skewed toward males in the incipient colony. The data also suggested that the soldier caste was female skewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics; Sex Ratio
Fulltext Predisposing Factors and Impact of Child Victimization: A Qualitative Study

Wahid Satar SNA, Norhayati MN, Sulaiman Z, Othman A, Yaacob LH, Nik Hazlina NH

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 09 05;18(17).
PMID: 34501964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179373

Sexual abuse of children is increasing at an alarming rate. This study aims to describe the risk factors and the effects of sexual abuse on children. This unobtrusive qualitative study was conducted on children aged 10 to 18 years old who experienced sexual abuse and followed-up at a psychiatric clinic between the years 2019 and 2021. The information from case records was transcribed. Thematic analysis was performed. Thirty case records were reviewed. The mean age of the victims was 14.6 years; 94% of the victims had experienced vaginal penetration, and 23% of the cases involved incest. The results indicated that socio-psychological predisposing factors involving family structure and dynamic dysfunction, low intrapersonal strength, social influence, and low family socioeconomic status could lead to sexual victimization. This sexual victimization can then lead to emotional turmoil, negative effects on cognitive, academic and social function, negative parental reactions toward the incident, the creation of baby-mother relationships and love-hate relationships, and a lack of goals and hope for the future. Children who experienced sexual abuse may show rape or pregnancy symptoms but may also show entirely non-specific ones. A thorough examination of their history, including biopsychosocial aspects, is necessary to appropriately care for them.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Offenses*
Fulltext Quality of Life in Children with Disorders of Sex Development

M Selveindran N, Syed Zakaria SZ, Jalaludin MY, Rasat R

Horm Res Paediatr, 2017;88(5):324-330.
PMID: 28965114 DOI: 10.1159/000478780

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a heterogeneous group of rare conditions. Evidence-based treatment is challenged by a lack of clinical longitudinal outcome studies. We sought to investigate the quality of life of children with DSD other than congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
METHODS: The participants (aged 6-18 years) were 23 patients raised as males and 7 patients raised as females. Control data were obtained from representatives of the patients' siblings matched for age and gender. The Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM Version 4.0 (PedsQL) Generic Core Scales were used as the study tool.
RESULTS: In comparison with the reference data, the patient group had significantly lower overall PedsQL (p < 0.01) and school functioning (p < 0.01) scores. Also, the total PedsQL score was significantly lower in patients with DSD who were of female social sex as compared to the controls who were females. Family income, surgical procedures, degree of virilization, and mode of puberty did not influence the PedsQL scores.
CONCLUSION: This study revealed a poorer quality of life for patients with DSD as compared to the age-matched control group. This highlights the need for a skilled multidisciplinary team to manage this group of patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Disorders of Sex Development/psychology*
Fulltext 'Timed Up and Go' test: Age, gender and cognitive impairment stratified normative values of older adults

Ibrahim A, Singh DKA, Shahar S

PLoS One, 2017;12(10):e0185641.
PMID: 28972994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185641

AIMS: The aim of this study was to establish 'Timed up and Go' test (TUG) normative data among community dwelling older adults stratified based on cognitive status, gender and age groups.
METHODS: A total of 2084 community dwelling older adults from wave I and II were recruited through a multistage random sampling method. TUG was performed using the standard protocol and scores were then stratified based on with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI), gender and in a 5-year age groups ranging from ages of 60's to 80's.
RESULTS: 529(16%) participants were identified to have MCI. Past history of falls and medical history of hypertension, heart disease, joint pain, hearing and vision problem, and urinary incontinence were found to have influenced TUG performance. Cognitive status as a mediator, predicted TUG performance even when both gender and age were controlled for (B 0.24, 95% CI (0.02-0.47), β 0.03, t 2.10, p = 0.36). Further descriptive analysis showed, participants with MCI, women and older in age took a longer time to complete TUG, as compared to men with MCI across all age groups with exceptions for some age groups.
CONCLUSION: These results suggested that MCI needs to be taken into consideration when testing older adults using TUG, besides age and gender factors. Data using fast speed TUG may be required among older adults with and without MCI for further understanding.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors*
Sexual assault cases presenting in One Stop Crisis Centre of a tertiary hospital in Malaysia: A retrospective study

Wan Jaafar WA, Arithra A, Fauzi MH, Wan Mohamad WS, Nor J

Med J Malaysia, 2022 Nov;77(6):704-712.
PMID: 36448388

INTRODUCTION: Sexual assault is a serious social problem. Due to its stigma, it is severely underreported with the survivors delay in seeking treatment. We aim to study the patterns, clinical characteristics, and time taken to manage sexual assault cases in our One Stop Crisis Centre (OSCC), and determine the factors associated with delayed presentation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational case review study of all sexual assault cases from 2012-2017 at the OSCC of a suburban, tertiary hospital in Malaysia. A total of 304 cases were analysed.
RESULTS: The median age of the survivors was 15 years old. Majority were females (n=291, 95.7%), single (n=290, 95.4%), students (n=235, 77.3%), and from low socio-economic class (n=230, 75.7%). Rape constitutes the majority (n=246, 80.6%) with 153 cases (62.1%) were statutory rape. The most common perpetrator was the victim's boyfriend (n=107, 35.2%) while only 60 cases (19.7%) involved strangers. Delayed presentations were more likely among victims who previously knew their perpetrators (AOR 2.53, 95% CI: 1.37 to 4.68, p<0.01). The median duration for management at OSCC was 6.48 hours.
CONCLUSION: Majority of sexual assault survivors were females, teenagers, and from low socio-economic class. Rape, mainly statutory rape, made the majority of cases. Therefore, sexual and safety education targeting primary intervention should be started early. Multidisciplinary teams must work together to optimise the management of sexual assault.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Offenses*

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