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The study of clinical characteristics of gout patients on follow up in Rheumatology Clinic, Hospital Seremban. [Abstract]

Mohd A, Gun SC, Das Gupta E, De'Souza B

APLAR Journal of Rheumatology, 2006;9 Suppl 1:A89.

Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of the patients with gout, on follow up in Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic, Hospital Seremban.
Methods: This was a retrospective study. Case notes of all our existing gout patients were reviewed, and data on demography, clinical features, associated conditions, and laboratory findings were noted.
Results: 54 patients were studied, 48 (89%) were male and 6 (11%) were female at the ratio of M : F = 8:1, 30 (57%) of them had the onset of symptoms at their 3rd and 4th decades of life. The majority were the Malays 39 (72%), followed by the Indians 11 (20%) and the Chinese 4 (8%). Commonly associated conditions were hypertension in 37 (68.5%), obesity (BMI of 30 and above) in 36 (66.7%) and hyperlipidaemia in 36 (66.7%) of them. Mixed hyperlipidaemia (High TG and LDL cholesterol) were found in 19 (53%). Underlying history of diabetes mellitus 7 (13%), alcohol consumption 8 (15%), smoking habits 22 (40%) and family history of gout 18 (33%). Half of our patients 27 (50%) had at least 2 or more joints involvement. 28 (52%) of them had tophaceous gout. Among those with tophaceous gout, 18 (64%) had renal impairment with serum creatinine of .150mmol/l. 6 (31.5%) of the patients with renal impairment found to have renal calculi on ultrasonography.
Conclusion: There was male predominance in our group of patients which was consistent with other reported epidemiological studies. Hypertension, mixed hyperlipidaemia and obesity were common associated conditions while diabetes mellitus, smoking and family history of gout were not. The majority of gout patients in our clinic were Malays and due to religious reasons, alcohol was not a common associated factor. Half of our patients had multiple joints involvement and more than half also had tophaceous gout. There was high incidence of renal impairment seen in patients with tophaceous gout. These could be due to delay in seeking medical treatment, present of renal calculi and possibly contributed by associated hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms in ethnic Chinese and Indians of West Malaysia

Teng YS, Jehan S, Lie-Injo LE

Hum Genet, 1979;53(1):87-90.
PMID: 395099

Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 were investigated in liver and stomach specimens of Chinese and Indians from West Malaysia. Eight-nine percent of the Chinese carry the atypical ADH2 type, a proportion very similar to that reported in Japanese. However, among 43 Indian specimens there was not a single case of atypical ADH2. In Indians, the gene frequency of ADH13 is 0.64 and of ADH23 0.36, similar to the frequencies in Caucasians, whereas in Chinese, the gene frequency for ADH13 and ADH23 is 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. We also report some unusual enzymatic characteristics in the course of our study.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Changing pattern of intestinal obstruction in Malaysia: a review of 100 consecutive cases

Lee SH, Ong ET

Br J Surg, 1991 Feb;78(2):181-2.
PMID: 2015466
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Primary localised cutaneous amyloidosis in Malaysians

Looi LM

Australas J Dermatol, 1991;32(1):39-44.
PMID: 1930004

A review of consecutive biopsies from 85 Malaysian patients with primary localised cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) revealed 63 with papular amyloidosis (PA) and 22 with macular amyloidosis (MA). PLCA appeared to affect the Chinese more frequently than the other major ethnic groups but MA was more common than expected among the Indians. Of patients with PA, one had systemic lupus erythematosus, one scleroderma and in another, connective tissue disease was suspected. MA was not found to be associated with any other disease. Histologically, PA differed from MA by the larger size of amyloid deposits in the papillary dermis. There was no difference in their tinctorial and immunohistochemical characteristics. Deposits were permanganate-resistant and negative for AA protein, immunoglobulin light chains and keratin. A few cases exhibited positively for cytokeratin. Strong immunoreactivity for AP protein was observed. PA and MA appear chemically similar and are likely to be of epidermal origin.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Current issues facing the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccine in China and future prospects

Wong LP, Han L, Li H, Zhao J, Zhao Q, Zimet GD

Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2019;15(7-8):1533-1540.
PMID: 31017500 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1611157

The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in China aims to prevent HPV infection in all women. The issues that China might face include high cost of vaccines made in other countries, shortage in HPV vaccine supply, negative events attributed to vaccination (whether justified or not) that jeopardizes the general public's confidence in the HPV vaccine, cultural and literacy barriers, and sensitivity to receiving a vaccine for a sexually transmitted disease. Ensuring the effective delivery of the HPV vaccine in China, a country with vast economic, geographical, and cultural complexities, will require a commitment of significant resources. In light of the high price of imported vaccines, the availability of locally manufactured HPV vaccines would greatly facilitate the national HPV vaccination program. New evidence supporting the efficacy of a two-dose regime in younger adolescents would also be advantageous in terms of affordability and logistical simplicity of vaccine administration. Furthermore, it would potentially enhance the compliance and uptake, especially for hard to reach women in remote regions.

Matched MeSH terms: China/epidemiology
The comparison of basal physiological values in racial groups. Part 1. Metabolism, pulse rate and blood pressure

Macgregor RGS, Loh GL

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1940;4:217-60.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Incidental Detection of Endometriosis with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in a Patient with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Adenomyosis

Khoo ACH, Chew GK

Indian J Nucl Med, 2019 5 2;34(2):162-163.
PMID: 31040534 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_27_19

Endometriosis is commonly associated with chronic pelvic pain and its presentation varies between individuals. The only way to confirm the presence of endometriosis is via keyhole or open surgery. In the presence of hematuria, deep endometriotic infiltration needs to be considered. We share an interesting case highlighting the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography in evaluating a posterior urinary bladder wall lesion and hypodense liver lesions in a middle-aged woman with presenting with frank hematuria in the background of treated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and adenomyosis.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Characterisation and confirmation of rare beta-thalassaemia mutations in the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia

Tan JA, Chin PS, Wong YC, Tan KL, Chan LL, George E

Pathology, 2006 Oct;38(5):437-41.
PMID: 17008283

In Malaysia, about 4.5% of the Malay and Chinese populations are heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassaemia. The initial identification of rare beta-globin gene mutations by genomic sequencing will allow the development of simpler and cost-effective PCR-based techniques to complement the existing amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and gap-PCR used for the identification of beta-thalassaemia mutations.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Serum lipoprotein(A) profiles in a Singaporean population

Wong MS, Chew WL, Aw TC

Pathology, 1999 Aug;31(3):225-9.
PMID: 10503268

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is formed when apolipoprotein(a) is linked to low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol via a single disulfide bond. It is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction and raised concentrations are associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease. Singapore has a multi-racial population of 77% Chinese, 14% Malays and 7% Indians. Studies have shown that the Indians have significantly higher standardised mortality ratios (SMR) compared to the Chinese and the Malays. We measured serum Lp(a) concentrations in 803 healthy individuals recruited from the Multiphasic Health Screening Programme, using the Macra Lp(a) sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit (Strategics Diagnostics, Delaware, USA). Lp(a) concentrations were skewed in all three groups. Our population mean was 9.0 mg/dl, with 50th, 75th and 95th percentile values of 10.2, 19.8 and 43.1 mg/dl, respectively, which are lower than values reported from Caucasian populations (15.0, 29.0 and 60.0 mg/dl, respectively). Males had lower Lp(a) concentrations than females (P < 0.05). The Indian group had significantly higher concentrations (median 12.3 mg/dl) compared to their Chinese (median 9.6 mg/dl) and Malay (median 8.4 mg/dl) counterparts (P < 0.05). This could partly account for the higher SMR seen in the Indian population in Singapore. As serum Lp(a) concentrations are method- and population-dependent, we recommend that laboratories determine their own reference ranges by their method to avoid misclassification of the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk of patients.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Repeat endoscopy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia: an (un)expected finding from southeast Asia

Mahadeva S, Qua CS, Yusoff W, Sulaiman W

Dig Dis Sci, 2007 Feb;52(2):523-5.
PMID: 17219070
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Sound HIV knowledge and common misconceptions about HIV among university students

Normala I, Zubaidah JO, Nik Shaliza H, Hamidin A, Noorjan KON, Siti Irma Fadhilah I, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2013;9(1):29-34.
MyJurnal

The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of sound HIV knowledge and common misconceptions about HIV among university students. A set of pre tested and validated questionnaire assessing sound HIV knowledge and common misconceptions about HIV was used in this cross sectional study. HIV knowledge was defined as sound when one was able to identify correctly two ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and reject three major misconceptions about HIV. Out of 300 respondents, 298 completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 99.3%. A total of 40.9% of university students have sound HIV knowledge. The majority of those who lacked sound HIV knowledge were young (60.2%) and female (60.4%). A significant proportion still believed that HIV can be transmitted via social contact (13.8%), by sneezing or coughing (11.4%) and mosquito bites (10.1%). About 6.7% were believed wrongly that HIV can be treated by vaccine and healthy-looking people cannot have HIV.
Study site: Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Detection of HIV type 1 env subtypes A, B, C, and E in Asia using dried blood spots: a new surveillance tool for molecular epidemiology

Cassol S, Weniger BG, Babu PG, Salminen MO, Zheng X, Htoon MT, et al.

AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 1996 Oct 10;12(15):1435-41.
PMID: 8893051

Global surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes for genetic characterization is hampered by the biohazard of processing and the difficulties of shipping whole blood or cells from many developing country regions. We developed a technique for the direct automated sequencing of viral DNA from dried blood spot (DBS) specimens collected on absorbent paper, which can be mailed unrefrigerated in sturdy paper envelopes with low biohazard risk. DBS were collected nonrandomly from HIV-1-infected, mostly asymptomatic, patients in five Asian countries in 1991, and shipped via airmail or hand carried without refrigeration to Bangkok, and then transshipped to North America for processing. After more than 2 years of storage, including 6 months at ambient temperatures, proviral DNA in the DBS was amplified by nested PCR, and a 389-nucleotide segment of the C2-V3 env gene region was sequenced, from which 287 base pairs were aligned and subtyped by phylogenetic analysis with neighbor-joining and other methods. From southern India, there were 25 infections with subtype C and 2 with subtype A. From Myanmar (Burma), we identified the first subtype E infection, as well as six subtype BB, a distinct cluster within subtype B that was first discovered in Thailand and that has now appeared in China, Malaysia, and Japan. From southwest China, one BB was identified, while a "classical" B typical of North American and European strains was found in Indonesia. From Thailand, five DBS of ambiguous serotype were identified as three B, one BB, and one E. A blinded control serotype E specimen was correctly identified, but a serotype BB control was not tested. Most HIV-1 in southern India appears to be env subtype C, with rare A, as others have reported in western and northern India. The subtypes BB and E in Myanmar, and the BB in China, suggest epidemiological linkage with these subtypes in neighboring Thailand. DBS are a practical, economical technique for conducting large-scale molecular epidemiological surveillance to track the global distribution and spread of HIV-1 variants.

Matched MeSH terms: China/epidemiology
Accelerometer Profile of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in a Multi-Ethnic Urban Asian Population

Chu AHY, Bernard JY, Koh D, Müller-Riemenschneider F

Res Q Exerc Sport, 2021 Sep;92(3):361-368.
PMID: 32154777 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1734520

Purpose: Variability in accelerometry-data processing decisions limited data comparability across studies. We aimed to examine different accelerometry-data processing rules: varying bout lengths and allowance of 0- and 2-min interruptions on the total and bout-accumulated time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior estimates, and describe the distribution of activity time based on counts per min (CPM) in granular categories. Method: Using the Singapore Health 2 survey, this study included 746 adults (41.8% women, median age 45.0 years) who provided valid ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer-data (≥4 valid days with ≥10-h/day). Quantile regression analysis adjusting for accelerometry daily wear time, age, and gender was performed to calculate the median and interquartile range of accelerometry estimates. Results: Median MVPA time accumulated in bouts of 1-min versus bouts of 10-min was 39.2 min/day and 6.0 min/day, respectively. MVPA time was higher when considering a 2-min interruption (range: 1.8-39.2 min/day) compared to 0-min interruption (range: 0-35.5 min/day) across bout lengths of 1- to 15-min. Participants were sedentary (≤100 CPM) for a daily median of 7.6 h/day. Median activities min/day on the lower-intensity activity spectrum (100-2499 CPM) decreased from 63.4 to 4.6 min/day, while on the higher-intensity activity spectrum (≥2500 CPM) was ≤2.9 min/day. Men generally spent more time in MVPA than women. Conclusions: This study highlights the differences in accelerometry estimates based on data processing decisions, and the importance of quantifying accelerometry-based activity time across the granular intensity spectrum. More studies are warranted to understand the determinants and health impact of these behaviors.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Molecular and clinical characteristics of monogenic diabetes mellitus in southern Chinese children with onset before 3 years of age

Lin Y, Sheng H, Ting TH, Xu A, Yin X, Cheng J, et al.

BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2020 08;8(1).
PMID: 32792356 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001345

INTRODUCTION: A specific molecular diagnosis of monogenic diabetes mellitus (MDM) will help to predict the clinical course and guide management. This study aims to identify the causative genes implicated in Chinese patients with MDM with onset before 3 years of age.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: 71 children with diabetes mellitus (43 diagnosed before 6 months of age, and 28 diagnosed between 6 months and 3 years of age who were negative for diabetes-associated autoantibodies) underwent genetic testing with a combination strategy of Sanger sequencing, chromosome microarray analysis and whole exome sequencing. They were categorized into four groups according to the age of onset of diabetes (at or less than 6 months, 6 to 12 months, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 3 years) to investigate the correlation between genotype and phenotype.
RESULTS: Genetic abnormalities were identified in 39 of 71 patients (54.93%), namely KCNJ11 (22), ABCC8 (3), GCK (3), INS (3), BSCL2 (1) and chromosome abnormalities (7). The majority (81.40%, 35/43) of neonatal diabetes diagnosed less than 6 months of age and 33.33% (3/9) of infantile cases diagnosed between 6 and 12 months of age had a genetic cause identified. Only 11.11% (1/9) of cases diagnosed between 2 and 3 years of age were found to have a genetic cause, and none of the 10 patients diagnosed between 1 and 2 years had a positive result in the genetic analysis. Vast majority or 90.48% (19/21) of patients with KCNJ11 (19) or ABCC8 (2) variants had successful switch trial from insulin to oral sulfonylurea.
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that genetic testing should be given priority in diabetes cases diagnosed before 6 months of age, as well as those diagnosed between 6 and 12 months of age who were negative for diabetes-associated autoantibodies. This study also indicates significant impact on therapy with genetic cause confirmation.

Matched MeSH terms: China/epidemiology
Variability of plasma phenobarbitone concentration in Asian children in Singapore

Lee HS

Ther Drug Monit, 1984;6(2):182-8.
PMID: 6740737

In a study with 113 Asian children in which phenobarbitone was used as the sole antiepileptic drug in 75 children, including Chinese, Malays, and Indians, the mean phenobarbitone dosage required to produce a plasma level of 15 micrograms/ml was 5.2 mg/kg/day. While the mean plasma level/dose ratio varied, the differences between the three ethnic groups were not statistically significant. Also of little difference were the ratios between the male and female groups. For those patients with poor seizure control, however, the mean plasma level/dose ratio was significantly lower than in those whose seizures were controlled. Using additional anticonvulsant drugs concurrently with phenobarbitone in 40 children raised the mean plasma level/dose ratios significantly in each ethnic group. Further, the greater age level in those given additional antiepileptic drugs might have contributed slightly to a higher mean plasma level/dose ratio.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Dietary practices among overweight and obese Chinese children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Soo KL, Wan AM, Abdul MH, Lee YY

Malays J Nutr, 2011 Apr;17(1):87-95.
PMID: 22135868 MyJurnal

INTRDUCTION: Obesity and chronic diseases have been increasing since the last few decades alongside rapid economic development in developed and developing countries. The alarming increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity had been shown by many epidemiological studies worldwide. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and to map the association between dietary practices and their nutritional status.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 278 school children aged 10 to 12 years old (144 boys and 134 girls) studying in a Chinese primary school in Kota Bharu.
RESULTS: The survey revealed that while only 1.4% (n=4) were overweight, 23.4% (n=65) of the children were obese. A total of 67.7% (n=44) of the obese children were boys. The overweight and obese children (n=70) were compared with a randomly selected group of normal weight children (n=70). Dietary assessment showed that protein, fat and total calorie intake were significantly higher among the overweight group (p<0.05). A significantly higher proportion of the normal weight children (85.7%) took breakfast daily or at least 4 days per week compared to the overweight groups (59.4%) (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity among school children in the study is a matter of concern. These findings may be useful in targeting programmes and strategies for prevention and intervention of childhood obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Influence of socio-demographic factors on physical activity participation in a sample of adults in Penang, Malaysia

Cheah YK

Malays J Nutr, 2011 Dec;17(3):385-91.
PMID: 22655460 MyJurnal

Given the importance of physical activity to health, this study investigated the socio-demographic determinants of physical activity participation in a sample of adults in Penang.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Body mass index (BMI) of adults: Findings of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Azmi MY, Junidah R, Siti Mariam A, Safiah MY, Fatimah S, Norimah AK, et al.

Malays J Nutr, 2009 Sep;15(2):97-119.
PMID: 22691810 MyJurnal

The Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) was carried out between October 2002 and July 2003, involving 6,775 men and 3,441 women aged 18 - 59 years. Anthropometric assessment showed that the overall mean body weight and BMI were 62.65 kg (CI: 62.20, 63.09) and 24.37 kg/m2 (CI: 24.21, 24.53) respectively. Based on the WHO (1998) classification of BMI, 12.15% (CI: 11.26, 13.10) were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), and 26.71% (CI: 25.50, 27.96) overweight (BMI > 25 - 29.9 kg/m2). Significantly, more women were obese [14.66% (CI: 13.37, 16.04)] while significantly more men were overweight [28.55% (CI: 26.77, 30.40)]. Ethnicitywise, prevalence of obesity was highest among the Malays [15.28% (CI: 13.91, 16.77)] while overweight was highest for the Indians [31.01% (CI: 26.64, 35.76)]. Both obesity and overweight were highest among those aged 40 - 49 years. Obesity was highest for those whose household income was between RM1,500 - 3,500 while overweight was more prevalent for those whose household income exceeded RM3,500. The prevalence of overweight was highest for those with primary education [31.90% (CI: 29.21, 34.72)]. There was no significant urban rural differential in both obesity and overweight. The study found 9.02% (CI:8.82, 10.61) with chronic energy deficiency (CED) (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). The prevalence of CED was relatively higher in the indigenous population (Orang Asli) [14.53% (CI: 5.14, 34.77)], subjects aged 18-19 years [26.24% (CI: 21.12, 32.09)], and with monthly household income of < RM1,500 [10.85% (CI: 9.63, 12.20)]. The prevalence of CED was not significantly different among the geographical zones and educational levels, and between urban/rural areas and sexes. The results call for priority action to address the serious problem of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults as it poses a grave burden to the country's resources and development.
Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Meal patterns of Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian adults nutrition survey (MANS)

Wan Abdul Manan WM, Nur Firdaus I, Safiah MY, Siti Haslinda MD, Poh BK, Norimah AK, et al.

Malays J Nutr, 2012 Aug;18(2):221-30.
PMID: 24575668 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: Meal patterns have received little attention in nutrition studies. The aim of this study is to present the findings on general meal patterns of Malaysian adults.
METHODS: The Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS), carried out in 2002 and 2003, involved 6,928 adults selected by stratified random sampling from all households by zone in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak.
RESULTS: In general, the results showed that most respondents (74.16%) ate three meals per day; 89.20% of the respondents consumed breakfast, while 88.57% consumed lunch and 91.97% consumed dinner with no significant difference in terms of sex. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Northern Zone had the highest number of people consuming breakfast compared to other zones. Meanwhile, the population in Sarawak had the largest proportion of people consuming lunch and dinner, but the smallest proportion of people consuming breakfast. A significantly higher number of the rural population consumed breakfast and lunch than urbanites; however there was no significant difference in dinner consumption. Generally, breakfast consumption increased with age whereby significant difference existed between the 18 to 19 years age group and the age group of 30 years and older. Lunch intake among the age groups showed no significant difference. In contrast, dinner consumption was significantly lower among the 18 to 19 years age group compared to all other age groups. Comparison among the ethnic groups showed that the Indian population had the lowest percentage of having breakfast and lunch while the Orang Asli had the lowest percentage of consuming dinner. However, the Orang Asli recorded the highest percentage for taking breakfast and lunch while the Chinese had the highest percentage of taking dinner.
CONCLUSION: Considering that Malaysian adults consumed their conventional breakfast, lunch and dinner, these findings indicatethat Malaysians are maintaining their traditional meal patterns.
Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Anthropometry and dietary intake of type 2 diabetes patients attending an outpatient clinic

Moy FM, Abdul Rahman S

Malays J Nutr, 2002 Mar;8(1):63-73.
PMID: 22692440 MyJurnal

A cross sectional study on Type 2 diabetes patients seeking treatment in the Primary Health Care outpatient clinic of the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur was undertaken. Two hundred and thirty-three subjects participated. They were asked questions on biodata and dietary intake using face-to-face interview techniques. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were taken and Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed to establish the extent of obesity. Of the 196 subjects, 66.8% were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) with 15.8% obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). The mean BMI of males and females were 25.9±4.3 kg/m2 and 27.2±4.7 kg/m2 respectively. The findings from the dietary survey showed that the mean energy intake of the subjects only achieved about 72% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Malaysia while protein intake of all subjects was adequate. The macronutreint contribution to the total calorie was consistent with the recommendation of the Malaysian Diabetic Association for a healthy diet for diabetes patients. The male subjects were found to meet the RDA requirements for all nutrients while the female subjects did not have sufficient intake of calcium, vitamin A and niacin. No consistent pattern in energy and nutrient intake was observed among different age groups. On the other hand, the Malay subjects seemed to have lower energy and all nutrient intake (except vitamin A and vitamin C) compared to the Chinese and Indian subjects. The Indian subjects seemed to have the highest intake of calcium compared to the others. Advice needs to be given to those who did not have adequate nutrient intake as well as those who need to reduce their weight.

Study site: Primary health care clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology

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