The present work was undertaken to investigate the effect of different packaging materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminium laminated polyethylene (ALP) on the physicochemical properties and microbiological stability of spray-dried honey jackfruit powder over seven weeks of storage at 38 ± 2°C and 90% relative humidity. The moisture content of honey jackfruit powder packaged in PET was doubled (12.32%) than of those packaged in ALP (5.31%). The water activity (aw) of the powders were lower than 0.6 for both packaging materials, thus considered shelf-stable. Hygroscopicity increased up to 42.44 and 39.84% for powder packaged in PET and ALP, respectively. The angle of repose for powders flowability increased to 19° (ALP) and 28° (PET), which indicated that the powders flowabili- ty significantly decreased upon storage. The degree of caking for powder packaged in ALP (43.69%) was much less severe than that of PET (84.51%). Powder packaged in ALP showed good solubility (81.07 - 99.01%) and satisfactory microbiological results (< log 2.58 CFU/g). The results recommended that ALP packaging was better suited for keeping spray-dried honey jackfruit powder.
The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence of Aspergillus spp. and occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) along the peanut sauce processing line from different peanut sauce
companies in Malaysia, and to determine to which extent peanut sauce processing steps
employed by the peanut sauce industries could efficiently reduce AFs in peanut sauce. Peanut
and chili samples were collected at each processing step along the peanut sauce production
from three peanut sauce companies which were different in companies’ profile. Peanut
samples from Companies B (87.5%) and C (100%) were contaminated with AFs. Of these,
12.5% (Company B) and 75% (Company C) samples exceeded the Malaysian regulatory limit.
None of the samples from Company A was contaminated. The steps efficient in reducing AFs
in peanut sauce identified in the present work were (i) safety monitoring of raw materials, (ii)
sorting of raw materials, and (iii) heat treatment of raw materials.
Blending or mixing two or more of fruit juices is able to improve the quality of juices as
compared to single flavour. Pineapple and mango are among the popular tropical fruits in
Malaysia. Despite the massive production of pineapple in Malaysia, utilisation of pineapple as
a juice remains unpopular due to its exotic and strong flavour. Blending of pineapple with
mango is believed to overcome this issue. Nevertheless, suitable blending ratios play important role in the end product quality. The present work aims to determine the physicochemical
and nutritional quality of fresh blended pineapple-mango juice at different blending ratios for
25 days of refrigerated storage (4 ± 2°C). Physicochemical (colour, pH, titratable acidity, and
total soluble solid) and nutritional (vitamin C, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant
content) properties of fresh pineapple-mango juice blends of ratio 80% pineapple with 20%
mango (R80:20) and 50% pineapple with 50% mango (50:50) were determined throughout 25
days of storage. Pineapple-mango juice blends at blending ratio of R80:20 exhibited better
qualities in term of colour (lightness, chroma, hue, and browning index), chemical composition, and nutritional content.
The present work investigated the antioxidant properties and antihypertensive activity of
magnesium orotate (MgOr) using various established in vitro assays, such as β-carotene
bleaching activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide scavenging activity as well as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Magnesium orotate
nanoparticles (MgOrGANPs) were prepared using the gum arabic (GA) as stabiliser coatings
for nanoparticles through freeze-drying method. The in vitro cytoxicity of MgOrGANPs
against human breast cancer MCF7, liver cancer HepG2, and colon cancer HT29 was investigated. The nitric oxide (NO) and DPPH scavenging assays of MgOrGANPs showed a
dose-dependent trend, while 500 and 200 µL/mL were significantly more effective than the
other concentrations with an IC50 of 89.56 µg/mL and 63.22% DPPH scavenging capacity
respectively. The exposure of human cancer cells to MgOrGANPs at 1.56 – 1,000 µg/mL
using 3-)4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl(2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) inhibited the
growth of cell lines examined in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, MgOrGANPs may have
great potential to be applied for cancer treatments.
Gelatine obtained from fish skin has become a potential source of preparing nanoparticles and
encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Within these fish skin, gelatine nanoparticles show
potent benefits for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The encapsulated
bioactive ingredients within nanoparticles have improved bioavailability, delivery properties,
and solubility of the nutraceuticals within the human body and blood stream. Many of such
bioactive peptides (biopeptides) are potent antioxidants; and as oxidative stress is the main
cause of the onset of various chronic diseases, encapsulation of antioxidant biopeptides within
fish gelatine nanoparticles could be a potential remedy to prevent or delay the onset of such
diseases and for better health prospects. The purpose of the present work was to prepare a
simple, safe, and reproducible novel food delivery nanoparticle system encapsulating a desirable antioxidant biopeptide. An optimisation study was conducted to produce a desirable size
of gelatine nanoparticles which showed a higher encapsulation efficiency of an antioxidant
biopeptide. Sunflower biopeptide was chosen as the antioxidant biopeptide, as the activity of
this protein hydrolysate is quite high at DPPH of 89% and FRAP assay of 968 µm/L. Tilapia
fish was used as gelatine source at an average yield of the process at 10% wt/wt. Effects of
parameters such as pH, biopeptide concentration, and cross-linking agent ‘glutaraldehyde’ on
the size, stability, and encapsulation efficiency on the nanoparticles were studied. The average
diameter of the biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticle was between 228.3 and 1,305 nm.
Encapsulation efficiency was 76% at an optimal pH of 2, glutaraldehyde concentration of 2
mL, and biopeptide concentration of 0.1 mg/mL exhibited DPPH at 92% and FRAP assay of
978 µm/L. To understand the absorption of sunflower biopeptide in stomach, blood stream,
and biopeptide release of the gelatine nanoparticles, biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticles
were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal conditions mimicking human stomach and
intestine; and showed peptide release of 0.1464 and 0.277 mg/mL upon pepsin and pancreatin
digestion, respectively.
In the present work, aqueous ethanolic (60% ethanol) extracts from selected Malaysian herbs
including Murraya koenigii L. Spreng, Lawsonia inermis L., Cosmos caudatus Kunth, Piper
betle L., and P. sarmentosum Roxb. were evaluated for their ergogenic, anti-diabetic and
antioxidant potentials. Results showed that the analysed herbs had ergogenic property and
were able to activate 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a concentration dependant
manner. The highest AMPK activation was exhibited by M. koenigii extract which showed no
significant (p > 0.05) difference with green tea (positive control). For anti-diabetic potential,
the highest α-glucosidase inhibition was exhibited by M. koenigii extract with IC50 of 43.35
± 7.5 µg/mL, which was higher than acarbose (positive control). The determinations of free
radical scavenging activity and total phenolics content (TPC) indicated that the analysed herbs
had good antioxidant activity. However, C. caudatus extract showed superior antioxidant
activity with IC50 against free radical and TPC of 21.12 ± 3.20 µg/mL and 221.61 ± 7.49 mg
GAE/g, respectively. RP-HPLC analysis established the presence of flavonoids in the herbs
wherein L. inermis contained the highest flavonoid (catechin, epicatechin, naringin and rutin)
content (668.87 mg/kg of extract). Correlations between the analyses were conducted, and
revealed incoherent trends. Overall, M. koenigii was noted to be the most potent herb for
enhancement of AMPK activity and α-glucosidase inhibition but exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. These results revealed that the selected herbs could be potential sources of
natural ergogenic and anti-diabetic/antioxidant agents due to their rich profile of phenolics.
Further analysis in vivo should be carried out to further elucidate the mechanism of actions of
these herbs as ergogenic aids and anti-diabetic/antioxidant agents.
The intake of dietary fibre (DF) has been proven to lower the risk of chronic diseases, leading to the increasing demand for fibre-enriched bakery product. Banana is one of the most consumed fruits that exhibits rich sources of DF and provides excellent nutritional health benefits. However, overripe banana is discarded due to its low quality and appearance. Thus, the present work was aimed to determine the properties of chocolate cookies formulated with overripe banana pulp powder (OBPP) as partial replacement (0, 6, 8, and 10%) for wheat flour. Nutritional composition, physical properties, and sensory acceptability of the cookies were analysed using AOAC methods, texture profile analyser, and 7-point hedonic scaling method, respectively. Results showed that increased incorporation of OBPP significantly increased the nutritional values of chocolate cookies. Chocolate cookies formulated with 10% of OBPP recorded the highest total dietary fibre (8.21%) and ash (1.23%) contents. In texture profile analysis, the firmness of the chocolate cookies was recorded to increase slightly with increasing level of OBPP, although this was not significant. Sensory scores for the control (0%) and 6% OBPP-incorporated cookies were not significantly different for all the sensory attributes. However, the incorporation of 8% OBPP produced the highest scores in terms of aroma, flavour, and overall acceptance. In summary, the addition of 8% OBPP could be an effective way to produce nutritious and the most palatable chocolate cookies.
In the present work, the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour was utilised in order to exam- ine and unearth the consumer milk powder purchase intention after the milk powder scare. For this reason, a self-administered questionnaire was developed using established scales. Moreo- ver, a survey on 200 respondents was conducted in Penang, Malaysia through an online survey questionnaire. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was utilised to analyse the data. The findings revealed that product knowledge, product involvement, and perceived benefit were positively and significantly related to purchase intention. Surprisingly, perceived risk and country of origin's image do not have any significant relationship with purchase inten- tion. Attitude, playing the role of the mediating variable in the present work, was discovered to have a mediating effect on the relationships among product knowledge, product involve- ment, perceived benefit, perceived risk, country of origin's image, and purchase intention regarding milk powder. The present work shines a new light on Malaysian consumers’ purchase intention towards milk powder. Furthermore, the results of the present work can be adopted as a source of reference by milk powder companies in order to formulate strategic marketing plans, for instance during the food scare crisis.
Protein-based films are thin and flexible films derived from protein sources. They are
completely biodegradable and used in food engineering, packaging, drug recovery, and other
applications. In food packaging, gelatin is widely used due to properties such as low cost,
availability, functional attributes, mechanical (flexibility and tension) and optical (brightness
and opacity) strength, barrier against gas flow, and structural resistance to water and
microorganisms. Therefore, this paper reviews the characterisation of biodegradable
protein-based films from gelatin alternatives, mainly from fish and chicken skin, as food
packaging materials. The properties of film packaging derived from gelatin alternatives were
compared with films derived from mammalian gelatin. The findings showed that the blended
gelatin alternatives with polysaccharide improved physical properties such as water vapour
permeability, gas permeability, light transmission and transparency, thermal properties,
microstructure, colour, and heat sealability. Moreover, improvements in mechanical
properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break were also investigated. This review
also comes out with suggestions for future research on the compatibility between gelatin films
and food ingredients. This paper provides a comprehensive overview that promotes the
development of biodegradable blended films from gelatin alternatives for packaging
applications in the food industry and related fields.
The present work aimed to investigate the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice of
prophetic food consumption among UniSZA students. The present work was conducted from
September 2017 until April 2018 at the UniSZA Gong Badak Campus, Terengganu. In this
cross-sectional study, a total of 217 students were recruited by convenience purposive
sampling method. A questionnaire was based on the prophetic food consumption details,
consisting of four sections, namely; demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice of
the consumption. Reliability test found that the validity and internal consistency of the
questionnaire to be acceptable with a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.752. Data were analysed
using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet 2013 and SPSS version 21.0. The results showed that most
of the respondents had good knowledge of prophetic food consumption (45.6%). More than
half had a good level of attitude (66.4%), and only a minority of them (38.2%) had a poor
practice of prophetic food consumption. Based on Independent t-test and One-Way ANOVA
statistical test, there was a significant difference in the mean attitude scores between male and
female students, mean attitude and practice scores between the three age groups, mean
knowledge scores between the three fields of study groups, and mean knowledge, attitude, and
practice scores between the four religions. A positive correlation was observed for the three
domains, namely between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.71), knowledge and practice (ρ =
0.37), and attitude and practice (ρ = 0.43), based on Spearman or Pearson correlation test. In
conclusion, the importance of prophetic food must be highlighted and shared among
multi-religious university students for them to be more familiar with the relevant health and
sustainability issues. The students may employ effective attitude and behaviour towards the
practical implementation of prophetic food if they are provided with more integrated
knowledge in the learning environment of the university.
The aim of the present work was to develop chicken skin gelatin films incorporated with
different concentrations of rice starch prepared by casting techniques. Six film-forming
solutions were prepared separately with different blend ratios of chicken skin gelatin to rice
starch: A (0/100), B (5/100), C (10/100), D (15/100), E (20/100), and F (25/100). The
rheological properties of the film-forming solutions (FFS) were determined using frequency
sweep. The mechanical and physical properties of the respective films were also evaluated.
With the increase in rice starch concentration, the storage (G’) modulus of FFS increased
dramatically with loss (G”) modulus as the oscillatory frequency rising to contribute to gel
behaviour (G’ > G”). As rice starch concentration increased, the chicken skin gelatin films
also demonstrated higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and water vapour permeability,
but reduced the solubility of gelatin films in water. Additionally, elevation in melting point
values indicated that the thermal stability of the composite films was enhanced with the
increment of rice starch concentration. Film F (with 25% rice starch) yielded the optimal film
formulation, as it had the highest tensile strength and a high elongation at break value. Thus,
film F shows the best potential as a film for food packaging.
The experimental water flux of the forward osmosis (FO) process is much lower than the
theoretical flux due to the existence of the internal concentration polarisation (ICP), external
concentration polarisation (ECP), and membrane fouling. In the present work, vibration was
integrated with the FO process to enhance water flux in water and Mao (Antidesma bunius L.
Spreng) juice concentration. In addition, the capability of the FO process in preserving
phytochemicals was studied. The use of the vibration assisted technique could enhance the
water flux up to 23% during the FO process of distilled water due to the reduction of ICP, and
a much higher water flux enhancement (up to 70%) was attained during the FO of Mao juice
due to the reduction of ICP, ECP, and fouling. Phytochemicals including total phenolic
compounds, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid were preserved up to 82.7, 72.6, and 95.9%,
respectively. These results suggest that membrane vibration is a promising technique for the
enhancement of the FO process performance.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a perennial herbal species with a number of therapeutic properties. The leaves of S. rebaudiana are the most important part of the plant as they contain high
level of sweetener compounds known as steviol glycosides; which are known to possess
antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Among the steviol glycosides, stevioside
and rebaudioside A are the most abundant sweetening compounds of interest, documented to
be 30 - 250 folds sweeter than sucrose or refined sugar. The therapeutic properties of the
species make it more interesting as they play important roles as anti-hyperglycaemic agent to
lower glucose levels in the blood, thus commonly used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
and obesity. Known to have sweet tasting leaves, its extract which contains antioxidant
compounds have been used to treat cancer, reduce inflammatory, and hypertension. S. rebaudiana has drawn the attention of health-conscious fitness lovers all over the world as non-caloric sweetener, and has been widely cultivated for being the most suitable sweetening substitution.
Strobilanthes crispus and Clinacanthus nutans are popular herbal plants in the Southeast
Asian region. The present work was aimed at determining the antioxidant activities and the
associated components in the leaf extracts of both species using polar and non-polar solvents
namely water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total
flavonoid content (TFC) were higher in the leaf extracts of S. crispus as compared to C.
nutans. Among the solvents, methanol was the best solvent in extracting the antioxidant
components for S. crispus (TPC: 159.85 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g extract and TFC: 955.47 ± 2.66 mg
RE/g extract). However, for C. nutans, its methanolic extract yielded the highest TPC (36.39
± 0.17 mg GAE/g extract), whereas ethyl acetate yielded the highest TFC (229.61 ± 7.81 mg
RE/g extract). The high levels of both TPC and TFC contributed to the antioxidant activities
of S. crispus extract as reflected in the methanolic extract attaining the highest level of
antioxidant activities, measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (6.84 ± 1.12
mmol Fe2+/g extract), DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 203.60 ± 7.28 μg/mL), and Trolox
equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (1.01 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g extract) assays. This
contrasted with C. nutans which showed lower antioxidant activities owing to its lower TPC
and TFC. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations (p < 0.05, r = 0.915 - 0.985)
between both TPC and TFC in S. crispus and antioxidant activities. However, only TPC of C.
nutans showed a significant correlation with FRAP values (r = 0.934). Further tentative
identification of the constituents in the extracts using HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS revealed the
existence of 20 polyphenolic compounds in both S. crispus and C. nutans, which were likely
responsible for their antioxidant activities. In addition, 15 polyphenolic compounds classified
as chalcones, isoflavanoids, flavones, and flavonols have not been previously reported in both
species. The methanolic extracts of both species yielded a higher content of antioxidants, with
S. crispus offering a richer source of dietary antioxidants as compared to C. nutans. However,
further study is needed to identify their bioactivities in relation to their bioactive components.
The present work studies the profiling of phenolic bioactive and in vitro biological (anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial) activities of different solvent extracts from Withania
somnifera fruit. Anticancer activity was performed using potato-disc assay and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. While antibacterial and antifungal evaluation was done by using disc diffusion method against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and
Klebsiella pneumonia) and fungal (Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum) strains.
Among different extraction solvents used, n-hexane extract exhibited the highest inhibition of
tumour initiation (64%), whereas ethyl acetate (15%) was the lowest by using potato-disc
assay. Highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were noted for methanolic (69.10
GAE mg/g DW%) and n-hexane (29.45 CE mg/g DW%) extracts, respectively. For antioxidant potential, 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (IC50) and reducing power EC50 were noted to be superior (0.6 and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively) for n-hexane
extract. All the tested extracts showed considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity with
the highest growth inhibition zones for K. pneumoniae (31.70 mm) and A. flavus (27.09 mm)
were shown by n-hexane extract. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of individual phenolics (gallic acid, 2,288.48 mg/kg) indicated the highest contents of these
compounds in n-hexane extract, which might explain the potent biological activities of this
extract. Our findings revealed that the bioactive present in the tested fruit had significant
potential as anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. Further studies are needed to
elucidate the mechanism of actions of isolated bioactive against specific diseases such as
cancer, especially in the case of n-hexane fraction.
The present work investigated the impact of several juice extraction methods (blender,
centrifugal juicer, and slow juicer) and thermal pasteurisation (72°C, 15 s) on the different
properties [physicochemical, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and functional] of
Clinacanthus nutans juice mix during storage (28 d, 4°C). Regardless of juicing technique, all
juices had similar colour and antioxidants [tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods]. The juices also had similar
PPO activity and sensory acceptance in terms of colour, aroma, flavour, mouthfeel, and
overall acceptability. The blender yielded juice with higher pH, soluble solids, and relative
viscosity than other methods. The slow juicer was the best at retaining ascorbic acid (39.33 ±
3.06 mg/100 mL), while the blender was best at retaining phenolic compounds (11.82 ± 0.12
mg gallic acid equivalents/100 mL) and chlorophyll (6.95 ± 0.31 μg/mL). Pasteurisation
negatively affected the colour, functional properties, and sensory characteristics (colour,
aroma, flavour, and mouthfeel) of the juice.
The window of maximum susceptibility for the development of dental fluorosis for anterior
teeth is during the first two to three years of life. The primary source of fluoride intake for
infants at this age is mainly from the diet including infant formula. Thus, the present work
aimed to investigate the fluoride concentration in commercially available Malaysian infant
formulas that required reconstitution before consumption. A total of 29 infant formulas available in the Malaysian market were reconstituted with deionised water, fluoridated tap water,
and filtered tap water. The fluoride concentration of the infant formulas was analysed directly
using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The daily fluoride intake estimation from the infant
formulas was calculated using the median infant body weight and recommended volumes for
formula consumption from newborn to > 12 months of age. Results showed that the fluoride
concentration of the infant formulas when reconstituted with deionised water ranged between
0.009 to 0.197 mg/L that contributed to the estimated daily fluoride intake ranging from 0.005
to 0.100 mg (total intake per day) or 0.001 to 0.025 mg/kg (total intake per body weight/day).
The fluoride concentration in the selected infant formulas was low, but after reconstitution
with fluoridated tap water, the overall fluoride concentration in infant formulas sample significantly increased (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the estimated daily fluoride intake from infant
formulas alone did not exceed the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of fluoride
at 0.10 mg/kg/day.
The present work investigated the cytotoxicity capacity of the MDA-MB-231 (human
cancer-derived), A549 (human lung cancer-derived), Caov3 (human ovarian cancer-derived),
and HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) cell lines on a wide range of tea leaves; green tea,
black tea, tea waste, and compost from Sabah. A group of male and female Sprague Dawley
rats was used to screen the sub-acute toxicity of green tea extract in tea leaves from Sabah for
28 d. Results revealed that the ethanol extract of tea leaves had strong cytotoxic activity
against all cancer lines. Tea waste showed higher cytotoxicity when extracted using hot water.
The ethanol extract of black tea leaves exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the
proliferation of Caov3, whereas the ethanol extract of green tea leaves exhibited a promising
cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cell lines. Toxicity studies showed
decreased testes weight and increased liver weight in male rats that were administered with
5000 mg/kg of tea extract. This coincided with the significant increase portrayed by enzyme
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum of treated male rats in the 5000 mg/kg dose
group. Moreover, there was an increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ALT for the
female rats in the 5000 mg/kg dose group. The increased levels of ALT and ALP enzymes, as
well as liver weight, signified mechanical trauma in the liver of male and female rats in the
5000 mg/kg dose group.
Keropok Lekor or frankfurter-like snack has long existed in Malaysia and has been sold in commercial retail shops as well as on the streets. The aims of this study were to analyze consumer’s perception and attitude towards keropok lekor and to determine consumer’s behavior on the product. Survey questionnaire was employed as a data collection tool. A total of 212 respondents from a university participated in this study. Results showed that more than 70% of the respondents chose to eat keropok lekor because of the taste. Half of the respondents chose black pepper as an innovative supplementary flavor of keropok lekor. This study also explores and analyses preliminary consumer behavior about keropok lekor such as satisfaction level, factors that drive consumption, product’s image from consumer perspectives and etc.
This study was conducted to determine the proximate composition and energetic value of selected marine fish and shellfish from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This study has included 20 species of fish (10 pelagic fish and 10 demersal fish) and 4 species of shellfish. For pelagic fish, Longtail shad (terubuk) was found to contain significantly lower moisture (59.31+0.00%), but significantly higher fat content (23.15+0.00%) compared to other fish species. For demersal fish, moisture and ash contents ranged between 74-82%, and 0.9-2.1%, respectively. Long-tailed butterfly ray contained the highest protein (22.22+1.24%) compared to other fish studied. The highest fat content of demersal fish was in Moonfish at 6.89+2.76%. For shellfish, prawn contained the highest protein (19.12+1.44%). The fat content of shellfish ranged between 1-2%. Oyster contained significantly higher carbohydrate at 6.45+0.00%, compared to other shellfish. Longtail shad contained the highest energetic value of 13.34 kJ g-1 of all samples. These values are useful references for consumers in order to choose fish and shellfish based on their nutritional contents.