Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 494 in total

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  1. Kesan pengudaraan dan pencairan ke atas penghasilan bioetanol secara selanjar dalam bioreaktor padat oleh saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Ng KW, Aidil Abdul Hamid, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.
    Pertumbuhan sel secara selanjar pada keadaan mantap telah diperolehi dalam pengkulturan dengan bioreaktor padat. Produktiviti (0.02 g/L/j) bioetanol yang paling tinggi diperolehi adalah pada pengudaraan 0.003 vvm. Produktiviti bioetanol didapati meningkat dengan peningkatan kadar pencairan. Produktiviti tertinggi sebanyak 0.037 g/L/j direkod semasa kadar pencairan (D) 0.05 per jam. Penghasilan bioetanol secara selanjar telah berjaya diselenggarakan pada keadaan tidak 100% anaerobik. Pengudaraan yang terbaik untuk produktiviti bioetanol dalam keadaan seimbang pertumbuhan sel dan penghasilan bioetanol ialah pada 0.003 vvm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  2. Fulltext Ethambutol ocular toxicity in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis - a case report
    Tan AK, Mallika P, Md Aziz S, Asokumaran T, Intan G
    Malays Fam Physician, 2008;3(2):87-90.
    PMID: 25606123 MyJurnal
    Purpose. To highlight the importance of using the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue test in colour vision testing in patients on ethambutol treatment. Case Report. A 70 year-old lady received ethambutol as part of her anti-tuberculous regime. She developed blue-yellow colour defect detectable with the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue test, but not with the Isihara Pseudoisochromatic Plates. Ethambutol was immediately discontinued from her anti-tuberculous regime. Two months later, her colour vision returned to normal. Conclusion. This case report illustrates the importance of regular monitoring of patients receiving ethambutol for blue-yellow colour defect using the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue Test.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision
  3. New classification for lithostratigraphy of the singa formation in Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia
    Mohamad Hanif Kamal Roslan, Che Aziz Ali, Kamal Roslan Mohamed
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2251-2258.
    Semakan semula litostratigrafi Formasi Singa dilakukan berdasarkan data-data baru yang diperoleh melalui kajian
    terbaru. Secara umumnya, Formasi Singa dominan dengan batu lumpur hitam yang berselang lapis dengan batu pasir
    nipis hingga sederhana tebal serta sedikit lapisan konglomerat. Kajian melibatkan analisis terhadap beberapa log
    sedimen yang telah direkodkan di lapangan. Kesemua log sedimen tersebut telah dikorelasikan untuk mendapatkan satu
    log komposit yang mewakili keseluruhan Formasi Singa. Berdasarkan kajian terperinci korelasi litologi yang dilakukan,
    cadangan litostratigrafi baru Formasi Singa mengandungi empat ahli iaitu Ahli Kentut, Ahli Ular, Ahli Selang dan Ahli
    Lembung. Ahli Kentut merupakan ahli yang paling tua diikuti dengan Ahli Ular, Ahli Selang dan Ahli Lembung. Ahli
    Ular di dalam Formasi Singa dianggap sebagai satu unit kekanta antara Ahli Kentut dengan Ahli Selang. Beberapa
    siri perubahan paras laut ditafsirkan sepanjang pengendapan batuan Formasi Singa dipercayai akibat daripada proses
    pencairan glasier yang menyebabkan paras laut meningkat dan pengendapan berterusan yang menyebabkan lembangan
    menjadi cetek dan paras laut menjadi rendah.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  4. Fulltext An image encryption scheme based on public key cryptosystem and quantum logistic map
    Ye G, Jiao K, Huang X, Goi BM, Yap WS
    Sci Rep, 2020 Dec 03;10(1):21044.
    PMID: 33273539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78127-2
    Most of existing image encryption schemes are proposed in the spatial domain which easily destroys the correlation between pixels. This paper proposes an image encryption scheme by employing discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantum logistic map and substitution-permutation network (SPN). The DCT is used to transform the images in the frequency domain. Meanwhile, the SPN is used to provide the security properties of confusion and diffusion. The SPN provides fast encryption as compared to the asymmetric based image encryption since operations with low computational complexity are used (e.g., exclusive-or and permutation). Different statistical experiments and security analysis are performed against six grayscale and color images to justify the effectiveness and security of the proposed image encryption scheme.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  5. Kesan kepekatan glukopon 215 CSUP terhadap saiz dan sifat magnet nanozarah Co-Ni-Cu yang disediakan dengan kaedah elektropengendapan
    Abdul Razak Daud, Setia Budi, Shahidan Radiman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1123-1127.
    Nanozarah Co-Ni-Cu telah disediakan dengan kaedah elektropengendapan pada keupayaan pengendapan -925 mV (SCE) menggunakan larutan sulfat (0.018M Co2++ 0.180M Ni2+ + 0.002M Cu2+) yang mengandungi surfaktan Glukopon 215 CSUP dan juga tanpa surfaktan. Kesan kepekatan surfaktan terhadap saiz dan sifat magnet nanozarah Co-Ni-Cu yang terhasil telah dikaji. Analisis morfologi permukaan endapan yang diperoleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop elektron imbasan pancaran medan (FESEM) manakala sifat magnetnya diselidiki dengan menggunakan magnetometer getaran sampel (VSM). Nanozarah Co-Ni-Cu yang disediakan daripada larutan yang mengandungi Glukopon 215 CSUP didapati berbentuk sfera dengan saiz berskala nanometer. Saiz zarah paling kecil ialah lebih kurang 50 nm, diperoleh pada kepekatan surfaktan 5 %v, iaitu kepekatan paling tinggi yang dikaji dalam kajian ini. Kepaksaan (Hc) didapati lebih tinggi pada sampel yang disediakan daripada elektrolit yang mengandungi surfaktan berbanding tanpa surfaktan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  6. Reka bentuk dan pembangunan mikro sel fuel metanol langsung (μsfml) untuk aplikasi mudah alih
    N. Hashim, Kamarudin S, Daud W
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.
    Sel tunggal dan berbilang sel metanol langsung berskala mikro dengan luas permukaan 1.0 cm2 beroperasi secara pasif telah dibangunkan dan diuji. Gas oksigen telah diambil dari persekitaran dan larutan metanol disimpan pada ruang tersedia pada bahagian anod. Prestasi sel tunggal diuji dengan menggunakan beberapa kepekatan metanol antara 1.0 M hingga 5.0 M dan keputusan menunjukkan kepekatan 4.0 M memberikan prestasi yang optimum pada operasi sel. Stek yang mengandungi 6 sel difabrikasi dan diuji dengan menggunakan kepekatan metanol optimum iaitu 4.0 M dan tenaga yang terhasil dengan muatan mangkin yang berbeza pada anod dibandingkan. Kombinasi muatan mangkin 3.0 mg cm-2 Pt/Ru pada anod dan 2.0 mg cm-2 Pt pada katod memberikan nilai tenaga yang paling tinggi antara kombinasi lain iaitu 12.05 mW pada 1.08 V dan 11.2 mA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  7. Potensi Yis yang Dipencil daripada Beras Putih dan Perang sebagai Agen Penaik Roti
    Masturah E, Kong L, Norhasidah S, Maaruf A
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:399-403.
    Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan yis daripada fermentasi beras putih dan perang terhadap
    ciri fizikal roti. Yis daripada empat perlakuan fermentasi iaitu beras putih mentah (BP), beras putih dimasak (BPM), beras
    perang mentah (BB) dan beras perang dimasak (BBM) telah digunakan untuk penghasilan roti. Kualiti roti dinilai daripada
    segi isi padu spesifik, tekstur, saiz, bilangan liang, kandungan kelembapan serta warna. Hasil kajian menunjukkan yis
    BBM menghasilkan isi padu spesifik roti yang tertinggi dan tekstur yang paling lembut. Kandungan kelembapan kulit dan
    isi roti yang difermentasi oleh yis BBM adalah tertinggi. Bilangan liang yang banyak dan saiz liang yang kecil pada roti
    yis BBM telah menghasilkan tekstur yang paling halus dan mempunyai kecerahan (L*) yang tertinggi. Keseluruhannya,
    yis BBM menunjukkan potensi sebagai agen penaik dalam industri bakeri.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  8. Components in Flicker Detection
    Kaur S, Kulikowski J
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25.
    This study was conducted to see if slow test presentations of 1 Hz was detected by the chromatic system and higher rates of flicker of 25 Hz, 33 Hz and 40 Hz were detected by the pure flicker system at lower and higher background luminances. Spectral sensitivity measurements were carried out using a 1.2 degree test spot presented at a rate of 1 Hz, 25 Hz, 33 Hz and 40 Hz on a white background. The background luminance used were 100 td, 250 td, 500 td, 750 td, 1000 td, 2500 td and 4000 td. The study showed that the detection of a 1 Hz test is possible by 2 mechanisms, the chromatic system at high background luminance and the achromatic and chromatic systems at low background luminance. In the case 25 Hz, it is not entirely detected by the 'pure flicker system' and the transient achromatic system might contribute in its detection. Flicker rates of 33 Hz and higher are detected by the pure flicker system.
    Kajian ini dilakukan untuk melihat sama ada presentasi ujian secara perlahan iaitu 1 Hz dikesan oleh sistem kromatik dan ketipan pada kadar yang tinggi, iaitu 25 Hz, 33 Hz dan 40 Hz dikesan oleh sistem ketipan yang tutin pada luminans latar belakang rendah dan tinggi. Pengukuran sensitiviti spektral telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan satu cahaya ujian bulat berukuran 1.2 darjah yang dipersembahkan pada kadar 1 Hz, 25 Hz, 33 Hz dan 40 Hz pada latar belakang putih. Luminans latar belakang yang telah digunakan adalah 100 td, 250 td, 500 td, 750 td, 1000 td dan 4000 td. Kajian ini menunjukkan yang pengesanan ujian 1 Hz adalah melalui 2 mekanisma, mungkin sistem kromatik pada luminans latar belakang yang tinggi dan sistem akromatik dan kromatik pada luminans latar belakang yang rendah. Bagi 25 Hz pula, ia tidak secara keseluruhannya dikesan oleh sistem kelipan yang tutin dan mungkin sistem akromatik transien yang terlibat dalam pengesanannya. kadar ketipan 33 Hz dan lebih darinya adalah dikesan oleh sistem ketipan yang tulin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  9. Pengujian kesesuaian taburan normal berdasarkan statistik Cramer-von Mises
    Ani Shabri, Abdul Aziz Jemain
    Sains Malaysiana, 2007;36:201-206.
    Sejak taburan normal ditemui dan ianya merupakan salah satu taburan yang penting dalam statistik, terdapat banyak pengujian statistik yang dibangunkan untuk menguji kenormalan data. Namun begitu masih tidak banyak kajian yang dilakukan untuk melihat kembali keupayaan pengujian statistik yang sedia ada. Sebahagian daripada pengujian statistik didapati mudah tetapi hanya sesuai untuk sesuatu keadaan. Dalam kajian ini, pengujian statistik berdasarkan statistik Cramer-von Mises cuba diperbaiki berdasarkan rumus Weibull. Kekuatan statistik yang baru ini dibandingkan kekuatan dengan statistik traditional Anderson-Darling (AD), Cramer von-Mises (CR), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) dan Shapiro-Wilk (SW). Kajian simulasi berdasarkan beberapa taburan yang berbeza menunjukkan pengujian statistik yang dicadangkan paling sesuai untuk menguji kenormalan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  10. Pencirian keseragaman campuran dan sifat reologi serbuk alumina-zirkonia untuk pengacuan suntikan seramik
    Sarizal Md Ani, Andanastuti Muchtar, Norhamidi Muhamad, Jaharah A. Ghani
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1311-1317.
    Pencirian keseragaman campuran dan sifat reologi bahan suapan merupakan elemen penting dalam melaksanakan proses pengacuan suntikan seramik. Kesesuaian bahan suapan yang dibangunkan dapat mengurangkan masalah yang timbul ketika proses pengacuan suntikan, penyahikatan dan pensinteran. Justeru itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti pembebanan serbuk yang optimum berdasarkan kepada keseragaman campuran dan sifat reologi bahan. Pencirian keseragaman campuran ditentukan berdasarkan kepada nilai tork yang rendah dan berkeadaan mantap. Kajian reologi pula dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin reometer rerambut. Ujian dijalankan pada julat suhu 150 dan 170oC dengan beban kenaan antara 20 dan 90 kgf. Bahan suapan yang digunakan terdiri daripada kombinasi serbuk seramik alumina-zirkonia bersama bahan pengikat polietilena berketumpatan tinggi, lilin parafin dan asid stearik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahan suapan bersifat pseudoplastik dengan pencampuran bahan yang seragam dalam tempoh kurang daripada 30 min. Hasil keputusan juga mendapati pada pembebanan serbuk 57% isi padu adalah yang paling optimum untuk proses pengacuan suntikan seramik berdasarkan kepada nilai kelikatan, indeks hukum kuasa dan tenaga pengaktifan aliran yang rendah.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  11. Recent Ostracoda within offshore sediment around Pulau Tioman, Pahang. [Ostrakod baharu di dalam sedimen luar pantai di sekitar Pulau Tioman, Pahang]
    Nor Faiz N, Omar R
    Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.
    A study on the presence of recent ostracoda in the offshore sediment had been done at Pulau Tioman, Pahang. A total of 12 sediment samples were taken for this study. 34 species, 28 genera and 14 families had been identified from a total of 1,985 ostracoda specimens. Station ST4 recorded the highest abundance of ostracoda with 442 specimens and followed by station ST5 with 322 specimens while station ST12 recoded the lowest abundance with only 29 species. From the 34 species discovered, Loxoconcha paiki was the most dominant species with 198 individuals, followed by Pistocythereis bradyi with 192 individuals and Venericythere papuensis with 188 individuals. As for the family, Trachyleberididae is the most dominant family with a total of 478 specimens (representing 24.08% of the total specimens).
    Keywords: Offshore sediment; Pulau Tioman; recent ostracoda
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  12. Taburan ostracoda resen di dalam sedimen luar pantai sekitar Pulau Besar, Johor
    Ramlan Omar, Noraswana Nor Faiz
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39:199-207.
    Kajian mengenai taburan ostrakod di dalam sedimen luar pantai telah dijalankan sekitar Pulau Besar, Johor. Sebanyak 11 stesen telah dipilih sebagai stesen pensampelan. Sebanyak 47 spesies ostrakod hidup dan mati daripada 37 genus dan 18 famili telah dikutip dan dikenal pasti. Sebanyak 1036 spesimen mati dan 932 spesimen hidup telah dijumpai di kawasan kajian. Spesies yang paling dominan adalah Pistocythereis cribriformis dan famili yang paling dominan ialah Trachyleberididae. Famili yang mempunyai kepelbagaian spesies terbanyak ialah Trachyleberididae dengan 14 spesies. Beberapa parameter fiziko-kimia telah diukur secara in-situ terdiri daripada suhu, saliniti, oksigen terlarut, pH dan kedalaman. Julat bagi setiap parameter masing-masing adalah 27.05-30.80oC, 31.20-34.01 ppt, 6.90-11.93 mg/L dan 6.60-20.50 m. Bagi parameter fiziko-kimia ex-situ seperti peratus bahan organik, pasir, lodak dan lempung dengan julat bagi setiap parameter masing-masing adalah 1.98-7.58%, 74.87-95.05%, 0.05-24.21% dan 0.75-9.74%. Tekstur sedimen di kawasan kajian boleh dikelaskan kepada pasir berlodak, pasir sangat halus, pasir halus, pasir sederhana dan pasir kasar. Indeks Shannon-Wiener, H(S) yang paling tinggi dicatatkan pada stesen ST 6 dengan 2.91 dan paling rendah pada stesen ST 11 iaitu 2.26. Kelimpahan dan kepelbagaian ostrakod adalah berkait dengan ciri-ciri sedimen. Peratus lodak menunjukkan korelasi positif yang signifikan manakala suhu dan peratus pasir menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan dengan kelimpahan ostrakod bentos. Parameter-parameter fiziko-kimia yang lain tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  13. Humic acid recovery from stabilized leachate: Characterization and interference with chemical oxygen demand-colour removal
    Ahmed Z, Yusoff MS, Kamal NHM, Aziz HA
    Waste Manag Res, 2023 Oct;41(10):1584-1593.
    PMID: 37154233 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231160687
    Heterogeneous combinations of organic compounds (humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid) are the prime factor for the high concentration of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in semi-aerobic stabilized landfill leachate. These organics are less biodegradable and cause a severe threat to environmental elements. Microfiltration and centrifugation processes were applied in this study to investigate the HA removal from stabilized leachate samples and its corresponding interference with COD and colour. The three-stage extraction process recovered a maximum of 1412 ± 2.5 mg/L (Pulau Burung landfill site (PBLS) leachate), 1510 ± 1.5 mg/L (Alor Pongsu landfill site (APLS leachate) at pH 1.5 and 1371 ± 2.5 mg/L (PBLS) and 1451 ± 1.5 mg/L (APLS) of HA (about 42% of the total COD concentration) at pH 2.5, which eventually indicates the process efficiency. Comparative characteristics analysis of recovered HA by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared significantly indicate the existence of identical elements in the recovered HA compared with the previous studies. The higher reduction (around 37%) in ultraviolet (UV) absorbance values (UV254 and UV280) in the final effluent indicates the elimination of aromaticity and conjugated double-bond compounds from leachate. Moreover, 36 and 39% COD and 39 and 44% colour removal exhibit substantial interference.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  14. Fulltext Inter-rater reliability of vehicle color perception for forensic intelligence
    Lee K, Abdul Fatah AA, Mohd Norizan N, Jefrey Z, Md Nawi FH, Wan Nor WFK, et al.
    PLoS One, 2019;14(6):e0218428.
    PMID: 31211821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218428
    The topcoat color of motor vehicles offers vital information while investigating vehicular accidents, especially in instance of hit-and-run, since witnesses seldom perceive and retain the plate details. Differences in color perceptions among individuals with normal vision may lead to confusion in determining the color of the car involved. In this way, witnesses of crash accidents could potentially initiate flawed leads in forensic investigation, and thus affect the administration of justice. In this study, the inter-rater reliability of vehicle color determination by different volunteers was explored. Six individuals observed the topcoat colors of 500 stationary and 500 moving vehicles from five locations, employing a common system of color gradation. The outcome was binary: the vehicle color was either a "match" or "non-match". This was followed by statistical analysis in terms of the colors' frequencies and inter-rater reliability, based on which more suitable color descriptions were determined for subsequent comparisons of stationary and moving vehicles. Higher match frequencies and greater inter-rater reliability were observed when color gradations were disregarded. The frequency of correct matches could have been closely related to their relative on-the-road distribution, regardless of the statuses of observed vehicles. It was also found that black and white were associated with a greater number of matches than were intermediate colors, which should be carefully interpreted during forensic investigation to avoid wrong leads. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the forensic significance of vehicle topcoat color determination, particularly in cases where witness statements are crucial.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*; Color Perception*
  15. Fulltext An elderly man with purple urine
    Boo WH
    Aust J Gen Pract, 2021 06;50(6):381-382.
    PMID: 34059840 DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-06-20-5499
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  16. Assessing the impact of temperature, pH, light and chemical oxidation on fucoxanthin colour changes, antioxidant activity and the resulting metabolites
    Yusof Z, Lim V, Khong NMH, Choo WS, Foo SC
    J Sci Food Agric, 2025 Jan 15;105(1):93-108.
    PMID: 39177277 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13807
    BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated the effects of temperature, pH, light and chemical oxidation on fucoxanthin changes in terms of colour, antioxidant activity and metabolomic profile. Additionally, the correlation between antioxidant activity and identified metabolites was analysed.

    RESULTS: It was found that colour change was significantly reduced at elevated heat (100 °C, *∆E = 0.81 ± 0.05), reduced pH (pH 3, *∆E = 0.59 ± 0.04) and length of light exposure (*∆E = 3.16 ± 0.04). Antioxidant activity decreased under all treatments. Among the temperatures tested, fucoxanthin exhibited the highest activity at 60 °C, ranging from 0.92 to 3.04 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1. Significant activity reductions (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  17. Fulltext Performance Evaluation of Localization Accuracy for a Log-Normal Shadow Fading Wireless Sensor Network under Physical Barrier Attacks
    Hussein AA, Rahman TA, Leow CY
    Sensors (Basel), 2015;15(12):30545-70.
    PMID: 26690159 DOI: 10.3390/s151229817
    Localization is an apparent aspect of a wireless sensor network, which is the focus of much interesting research. One of the severe conditions that needs to be taken into consideration is localizing a mobile target through a dispersed sensor network in the presence of physical barrier attacks. These attacks confuse the localization process and cause location estimation errors. Range-based methods, like the received signal strength indication (RSSI), face the major influence of this kind of attack. This paper proposes a solution based on a combination of multi-frequency multi-power localization (C-MFMPL) and step function multi-frequency multi-power localization (SF-MFMPL), including the fingerprint matching technique and lateration, to provide a robust and accurate localization technique. In addition, this paper proposes a grid coloring algorithm to detect the signal hole map in the network, which refers to the attack-prone regions, in order to carry out corrective actions. The simulation results show the enhancement and robustness of RSS localization performance in the face of log normal shadow fading effects, besides the presence of physical barrier attacks, through detecting, filtering and eliminating the effect of these attacks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  18. Fulltext Evaluation of the color durability of acrylic resin veneer materials after immersion in common beverages at different time intervals: A spectrophotometric study
    Kohli S, Bhatia S
    Biomed J, 2015 May-Jun;38(3):244-9.
    PMID: 25355393 DOI: 10.4103/2319-4170.143519
    Proper function, esthetics, and cost are the prime factors to be considered while selecting bridge veneering materials. The purpose of the study is to evaluate color durability of acrylic veneer materials after immersion in common beverages at different time intervals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  19. Fulltext Lakuan bahasa ekspresi tun Dr. Mahathir: kajian kes terhadap 40 artikel chedet.Cc
    Abd Ganing Laengkang, Rohaidah Haron, Ab Razak Ab Karim
    Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(5):19-27.
    MyJurnal
    Kajian ini memberi tumpuan terhadap salah satu kategori lakuan bahasa yang diperkenalkan oleh Searle (1969), iaitu lakuan ekspresi. Lakuan ekspresi ialah ujaran-ujaran yang menunjukkan pernyataan psikologi yang memberi gambaran tentang sikap dan perasaan penutur. Analisis kajian ini dilakukan terhadap ujaran-ujaran yang terdapat dalam 40 artikel kritikan Tun Dr. Mahathir dalam isu 1MDB. Melalui kajian ini, sebanyak lima kategori telah dikenal pasti, iaitu lakuan pernyataan, lakuan kritikan, lakuan rujukan, lakuan arahan, dan lakuan ekspresi. Namun demikian, kajian ini hanya memberi tumpuan terhadap lakuan bahasa ekspresi. Analisis mendapati lakuan ekspresi menunjukkan bilangan ujaran paling sedikit berbanding dengan kategori lakuan bahasa yang lain, iaitu sebanyak 20 kekerapan. Lakuan pernyataan mencatatkan kekerapan tertinggi, dengan jumlah kekerapan sebanyak 1302 ujaran, diikuti oleh lakuan kritikan di tempat kedua dengan kekerapan sebanyak 828. Lakuan rujukan dan lakuan arahan masing-masing dengan kekerapan sebanyak 297 dan 128. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa Tun Dr. Mahathir melakukan kritikan tanpa mengutamakan ekspresi perasaan atau emosi. Sebanyak tujuh sublakuan ekspresi yang ditemui, iaitu lakuan bimbang, hairan, ucapan selamat, kehendak, enggan, minta maaf, dan ucapan terima kasih. Hal ini merumuskan bahawa dalam kritikan, khususnya kritikan bertulis, Tun Dr. Mahathir tidak menunjukkan ekspresi emosi yang berlebihan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  20. Fulltext Colour vision of workers in the plastics industry
    Kaur S, Mursyid A, Ariffin AE
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2004;1(1):25-30.
    MyJurnal
    A study was undertaken to determine the effect of polyethylene and polystyrene used in the manufacture of plastic items on colour perception. Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara plates, panel 015 test and the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test. Two factories were chosen at random. One factory (referred here as factory A) used virgin resin in pellet form (polyethylene) in the manufacturing of plastic containers to store consumer edible oil. The other factory (referred as factory B) used polystyrene to make plastic bags. A total of 39 healthy employees from factory A (mean age 26.4 :t 8.2 years) and 40 healthy employees from factory B (mean age 26.8 :t 9.6 years) were recruited in this study. A control group of 27 normal healthy subjects (mean age 27.4 :t 4.3 years) who were employees of UKM with no occupational involvement with petroleum derivatives were also recruited in this study and they performed the same colour vision tests. All subjects passed the Ishihara plates test showing that none of the subjects (employees of factory A and B, and control subjects) had a congenital red-green defect. All control subjects passed all of the colour vision tests whilst some employees of factories A and B failed the 015 and FM100 Hue tests. For employees from factory A results from the 015 test showed that 7 (17.9%) had a tritan (blue-yellow) type of defect and 1 (2.6%) had a complex type of defect. The FM 100 Hue results of factory A employees showed that 51.3% (n=20) had a complex type of defect. Total error scores (TES) calculated from the FM 100 Hue test revealed that employees from factory A had a statistically significant higher mean TES of 65.13:!: 48.31 compared to that of control subjects with a mean TES of 31.26:!: 14.93. For employees in factory B, 10 employees (25.0%) had a tritan (blue-yellow) type of defect and 2 (5.0%) had a complex type of defect. Results of the FM 100 Hue test showed that 4 employees (1.0%) had a tritan type of defect whereas 22 (55.0%) had a complex type of defect. Mean total error scores (TES) calculated from the FM 100 Hue test revealed that employees from factory B had a statistically significant higher mean TES of 71.54 :t 54.63 compared with that of control subjects with a mean TES of 31.26 :t. 14.93

    The above results show that employees of the plastic factories studies are associated with a higher risk of acquiring colour vision defects as compared to normal subjects who are not engaged in the plastic manufacturing industry. This may have an implication towards the future retinal health of employees in petrod1emical-based industries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color Vision Defects; Color Perception; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision
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